我国畜产品贸易动物福利壁垒的博弈分析

我国在“入世”以前,关税、数量限制是影响畜产品出口的主要壁垒。而近年来,越来越多的发达国家开始关注畜产品在养殖、生产和加工过程中的状况,并以动物福利为借口限制我国畜产品的出口。我国作为世界畜产品的出口大国,在动物福利方面还是空白,如果不采取应对措施,我国的畜产品出口将会受到严重影响。本文介绍了动物福利的基本情况,利用博弈论分析了畜产品贸易中各利益主体的价值取向,并提出了应对措施。     

Revisiting the valuation of deposit insurance

This study proposes a framework for pricing deposit insurance that evaluates the effect of depositor preference laws and the issuance of contingent capital bonds. Four main findings emerge from this study. First, traditional option pricing models of deposit insurance overestimate insurance premiums. Second, only large issuances of contingent capital bonds decrease deposit insurance premiums under depositor preference. Third, the issuance of contingent capital bonds can partially offset banks' excessive risk-taking caused by regulatory forbearance. Finally, although large banks have implied too-big-to-fail risks, the deposit insurer's costs from large banks are not nearly as high as reported in previous studies.     

The promise and peril of dynamic targeted pricing

Dynamic pricing is widely adopted in many industries, such as travel and insurance. These industries are also gaining extensive capabilities in identifying and segmenting customers, partly fueled by the increasing availability of data. It is natural to ask whether firms should take advantage of such developments by charging different prices to different customer segments. If so, under what conditions? We seek answers to these highly managerially relevant questions.We consider a market with two customer segments served by a monopolist. The monopolist can choose among a set of pricing strategies to exploit consumers’ inter-temporal preferences and/or inter-segment variations. At one end of the spectrum, the firm can charge a constant price to all customers, which is called static pricing. At the other end of the spectrum, the firm can charge different prices to different customer segments and vary these prices over time, which is referred to as dynamic targeted pricing. We systematically compare these alternative pricing strategies. We show that dynamic pricing without targeting can be more effective than static targeted pricing when customers are not very forward looking, which corroborates the findings in the empirical literature. Interestingly, we find that the monopolist can be worse off when she adopts targeting in addition to dynamic pricing. We conduct laboratory experiments to test several key model predictions. The studies show that individuals behave in a manner consistent with the predictions of our model.     

Interplays between manufacturer advertising and retailer store brand introduction: Agency vs. wholesale contracts

In retail supply chains, manufacturers' advertising for national brands and retailers' store brand introduction may relate to each other, and two types of contracts, i.e., agency contract and wholesale contract, are widely used. This paper uses game-theoretic models to investigate the strategic interaction between a manufacturer's advertising strategy and a retailer's store brand introduction strategy. We derive the equilibrium outcomes, including wholesale price, retail price, market demand, retailer's and manufacturer's profits under different contract forms. We find that when the product cost is small relative to the perceived value of the store brand, the introduction of a store brand will benefit the retailer. The retailer is more likely to introduce store brands under the wholesale contract than under the agency contract. In addition, compared with the wholesale contract, the agency contract may increase both the manufacturer's and the retailer's profits and lead to Pareto improvement for them.     

Retailer's decoy strategy versus consumers' reference price effect in a retailer-Stackelberg supply chain

Decoy strategy for bundling is an important marketing option because it can reflect the behavior resulting from consumers' reference price effect. This paper develops a game-theoretic model of a dyadic supply chain to study the joint decisions on pricing and decoy strategies in the presence of consumers' reference price effect. The retailer chooses one of the decoy strategies (phantom decoy-mixed bundling, decoy-mixed bundling) and selling prices to maximize her profit. Our study shows that: under both decoy strategies, the retailer and the manufacturer benefit from consumers' low reference price effect; however, the high reference price effect hurts their profits.     

The Applicability of a Contingent Factors Model to Accounting Ethics Research

This paper discusses the relevancy of a contingent factors model posited by Jones for conducting accounting ethics research. Using a sample of 37 experienced Australian auditing managers and partners of all of the ‘Big Four’ multinational accounting firms, we find that the contextual model developed by Jones can help guide accounting ethics research by isolating the contingent factors that affect ethical decision making. Moreover, we examine how the factors differ across different accounting settings. Implications for accounting ethics research and accounting practice are then discussed.Jeffrey R. Cohen, PhD is an Associate Professor at the Carroll School of management at Boston College. His research focuses primarily on behavioral ethics issues as well as investigating governance from a behavioral perspective.Nonna Martinov Bennie is a Senior Lecturer at Sydney University. Her research focuses on ethical issues in auditing as well as issues surrounding materiality judgments.     

从会计等式看产权理论在我国企业的运用

本文认为,会计等式在一定程度上反映了产权理论在企业中的运用状况。传统计划经济体制下的“企业”没有企业的本质属性,其会计等式只记录“企业”使用物质资料和物质资料在“企业”里的分布情况,国家是生产资料的完全所有者,没有产权的存在。现阶段的企业是市场经济的主体,有自己的生产经营权利,追求利润最大化,而组织活动本身又受社会主义市场经济条件下生产资料公有制的影响,其会计等式反映了一定条件下的产权关系,说明了产权理论在会计核算上的运用。文章指出,会计等式中体现的产权思想只是产权经济学的一部分,用会计等式和会计的语言说明生产要素所有者参与利益形成和分配过程的权益,即会计反映的是权力怎样计算为权益的。     

Collaboration strategy decision-making using the Miles and Snow typology

Engaging in collaboration may be the best way for a firm to enhance its competitive advantages, since this can offer faster access to both resources and capabilities. This study aims to develop a framework for making collaboration partner choice decisions. The authors design a strategic game model of collaboration using Miles and Snow typology. An empirical data set collected from the S&P COMPUSTAT database is adopted to verify the model, and several managerial implications are derived. This model helps a company choose a competitor as a collaborative partner and helps in the selection of a collaboration strategy.     

企业或有事项与资产负债表日后事项比较及例解

或有事项与资产负债表日后事项在证实时间、最终确定的金额、账务处理调整处理以及在企业会计报表中的披露要求等方面存在不同。调整事项在资产负债表日后得到证实之前,是或有事项;或有事项在资产负债表日后至财务报告报出以前得到证实,就是资产负债表日后事项。或有事项对企业经营管理及会计处理都有影响:或有事项直接影响企业的持续经营和发展、掩盖企业真实的财务状况、左右企业经营成果的确认、操纵企业未来现金流量的计量。     

基于资本流动的人民币汇率博弈分析

影响人民币汇率的因素有很多,资本流动对人民币汇率的变动具有很大的影响。资本所有者为追逐利润最大化进行博弈,资本总会流向资本收益率高的一国。仅从资本流动考虑,当资本流向我国时,人民币有升值的压力;当资本流向外国时,人民币有贬值的压力。