Investigating gender differences in consumers’ experience of guilt: A comparative study

The literature of guilt in the context of consumer behavior is notably limited. It is particularly limited with respect to examining gender differences across nations. Existing studies have only evaluated gender differences, in terms of consumer guilt, in the United States. In addition, those studies evaluated gender differences in specific consumption situations such as consumer boycotting and food consumption. Thus, they do not give a comprehensive understanding of gender variations in consumer guilt. Notably, gender differences with regard to consumer guilt were shown to be limited in countries other than the United States. These studies provided contradictory results to established findings in social psychology. In view of this, by using quantitative techniques, numerous consumption settings, and samples from two distinct countries, this study provides a holistic assessment of gender differences in consumer guilt across nations. The findings indicate that gender differences, with respect to consumer guilt, are predominately present in individualistic countries and notably absent in collectivist countries. Hence, marketers should consider gender as an influential variable when devising guilt related strategies in individualistic countries. In contrast, marketers may reconsider allocating resources, with respect to gender related marketing strategies, in collectivist countries.     

Proposal for a Global Fund for Women through Innovative Finance

Despite the spread of budget initiatives for gender equality following the Beijing Declaration of 1995, resources allocated for eliminating gender inequalities remain inadequate. This paper proposes to create a Global Fund for Women through Innovative Finance (GFWIF) with the ability to raise funds through innovative sources of finance on a scale more appropriate to the estimated requirements of making reasonable progress toward gender equality (US$31–107 billion per year in constant 2014 dollars). It builds on previous calls by feminist economists for the establishment of such funds through global forms of taxation. Since donors’ commitments only meet the lower bound, the GFWIF could scale up funding for gender equality interventions commensurate with country needs. Global resource mobilization through innovative mechanisms, including allocations of new Special Drawing Rights, currency transaction taxes, and carbon taxes, have the potential to provide the necessary financing at a much faster pace than is currently possible.     

GENDER PAY GAPS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE

The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta‐analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widen the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remains unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Behind the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass‐ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps.     

进口产品质量、来源国特征与性别工资差距

研究目标：本文将来源国特征纳入分析框架,考察进口产品质量对企业性别工资差距的影响。研究方法：利用内生化的企业进口决策和工资支付决策重新测算进口产品质量和企业性别工资差距,并利用2SLS方法进行实证分析。研究发现：进口产品质量提升显著扩大了企业性别工资差距;政治关系和经贸关系的改善,有助于降低进口企业性别工资差距,但进口产品质量分别与二者的交互作用则会在一定程度上扩大性别工资差距。研究创新：在研究进口产品质量对企业性别工资差距的影响过程中,创造性地引入来源国特征因素,并从经济发展水平、与我国的经贸关系及与我国的政治关系等角度进行全面考察。研究价值：对重新审视我国的产品质量提升政策和进口市场多元化战略具有重要启示。     

中国城市劳动力市场上的性别工资差异

本文描述了中国城市劳动力市场上男女在行业获得和工资上的差异,并且用计量方法对工资差异进行了分解。分解结果表明,男女工资差异主要由同类行业内工资差异引起,而由于两者行业分布不同而带来的工资差异不大;歧视是造成性别之间的工资差异的主要原因,人力资本所起的作用很小。由此,缩小行业内的工资差异,消除对女性的歧视,是缩小工资性别差异的重要途径。     

Effects of campus foodservice attributes on perceived value,satisfaction, and consumer attitude: A gender-difference approach

This study explores a conceptual framework incorporating interrelationships among campus foodservice attributes, perceived value, satisfaction, and effects of these on consumer attitude. Mediating roles of perceived value and satisfaction as well as gender differences in attitude formation process also are investigated within the conceptual framework. Results confirm that enhanced performance in service and product quality, menu, and facility have favorable effects on perceived value, satisfaction and, ultimately, on consumer attitude. However, the attitude-formation process and mediating roles of perceived value and satisfaction differ notably between male and female consumers.     

性别、生命周期与家庭内部健康投资--中国农户就诊的经验证据

本文使用来自中国 8省农户的数据 ,从家庭内部资源分配框架出发对处于不同性别、生命周期的家庭成员的健康投资进行经验研究。在控制了测量偏误和选择偏误的前提下 ,通过经济计量模型发现 ,在两周就诊概率和费用方面 ,处于生育期和抚育的女性往往在健康投资上获得优先地位。这个结论拓展了已有的家庭内部成员人力资本投资的研究成果 ,揭示出家庭人力资源投资导向必须同时考虑市场和非市场的经济机会 ,尤其是女性在抚育后代方面的比较优势 ,对于女性的健康投资至关重要     

Does top executive gender diversity affect earnings quality? A large sample analysis of Chinese listed firms

Using a large sample of Chinese listed firms, this paper examines whether the gender of top executives affects earnings quality. Unlike the findings documented in developed markets such as the U.S., our results show that earnings quality proxies, including earnings persistence, the accuracy of current earnings in forecasting future cash flows, the association between earnings and stock returns, and the absolute magnitude of discretionary accruals do not display significant differences for firms with female and male top executives. This study is the first to examine the relationship between gender and earnings quality in emerging markets such as China that offers managerial and policy implications.     

健康人力资本与性别工资差异

现有对性别工资差异的研究大多是基于教育、经验等人力资本对工资的影响进行分析而忽视了健康人力资本的作用。本文运用中国健康与营养调查数据,将健康人力资本引入工资决定模型,对我国劳动力市场上健康人力资本对工资的影响以及性别工资差异进行了实证分析。研究发现：健康人力资本是影响我国居民工资收入的重要因素;我国劳动力市场上存在明显的性别工资差异,女性工资显著低于男性;利用Oaxaca—Cotton的分解方法发现性别工资差异中大约只有20％可以被个体特征合理解释,余下的部分被认为是对女性的歧视和没能观测到的因素所致。健康人力资本对工资的边际贡献在性别之间的差异是性别工资差异的重要来源。