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81.
Nicolas Jacquemet 《Experimental Economics》2007,10(2):187-188
Agency theory has established that appropriate incentives can reconcile the diverging interests of the principal and the agent. Focusing on three applications, this dissertation evaluates the empirical relevance of these results when a third party interacts with the primary contract. The analyses provided rely on either laboratory or natural experiments. First, corruption is analyzed as a two-contract situation: a delegation contract between a Principal and an Agent and a corruption pact concluded between this Agent and a third player, called Briber. A survey of the recent microeconomic literature on corruption first highlights how corruption behavior results from the properties of those two agreements. We thereafter show that the Agent faces a conflict in reciprocities due to those two conflicting agreements. The resulting delegation effect, supported by observed behavior in our three-player experimental game, could account for the deterrence effect of wages on corruption. Second, health care is governed by contradictory objectives: patients are mainly concerned with the health provided, whereas containing health care costs is the primary goal of health care administrators. We provide further insights into the ability of incentives to balance these two competing objectives. In this matter, our theoretical and econometric analysis evaluates how a new mixed compensation scheme, introduced in Quebec in 1999 as an alternative to fee-for-services, has affected physicians’ practice patterns. Free switching is shown to be an essential feature of the reform, since it implements screening between physicians. Finally, the demand for underground work departs from the traditional Beckerian approach to illegal behavior, due to the dependence of benefits from illegality on competitors’ behavior. We set up a theoretical model in which the demand for underground work from all producers competing on the same output market is analyzed simultaneously. We first show that competition drastically undermines the individual benefits of tax evasion. At equilibrium, each firm nonetheless chooses evasion with a positive probability, strictly lower than one. This Bertrand curse could then account for the “tax evasion puzzle” i.e. the overprediction of evasion in models that ignore market interactions. We thereafter show that allowing firms to denounce competitors’ evasion is not likely to solve this curse—by providing a credible threat against price cuts, it fosters illegal work. Empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment confirms these predictions. Without denunciation, experimental firms often choose evasion whereas evasion benefits are canceled out by competition. When introduced, denunciation is rarely used by firms, but the threat makes evasion profitable. JEL Classification K42, I18, D21, C25, C91 相似文献
82.
Leonie Segal 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2004,23(2):114-128
Health insurance is a logical response to the highly variable need for health care. But expected need for health care is not random, being related to characteristics such as age, gender and previous health care utilisation. Thus an entirely private system would tend to price high‐risk individuals, the old and the sick, out of health insurance, denying them access to health care. There are two ways to address this dilemma: universal cover, a predominantly publicly‐funded health insurance system supporting access to health care on the basis of need; or a safety‐net system that provides selective public funding for defined ‘disadvantaged’ groups. Both theory and international evidence suggest that universal health insurance represents the more efficient and equitable response to this problem. The rationale for promoting private health insurance within a universal health insurance system, the situation in Australia, is unclear and cannot be justified on either equity or efficiency grounds. 相似文献
83.
This study examined how individual health values influence interest in healthy foods, positive outcome expectations, hedonic expectations, and behavior intentions. A total of 1188 valid questionnaires were collected from customers who had consumed healthy menu items at casual dining restaurants. The results indicated that health value was the key element that inspired customer interest in healthy eating and aroused hedonic and positive outcome expectations, which in turn enhanced intentions to purchase healthy food items. Restaurant managers are advised to establish creative marketing strategies to motivate customer interest in healthy menu items and emphasize benefits of their healthy food items. Future studies can extend the scope of research by examining differences in geographical areas or demographic profiles. 相似文献
84.
The average US state has 40 benefit mandates, laws requiring health insurance to cover particular conditions, treatments, providers or people. We investigate the extent to which these mandates increase the health insurance premiums paid by employers, and the extent to which these higher premiums are passed on to employees in the form of higher employee contributions. We use state-level data on premiums and employee contributions to health insurance from the insurance component of the 1996–2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Our main analysis is a fixed effects regression that controls for age, race, income, union membership and the presence of state mandate waivers. We find robust evidence that the average mandate increases premiums by approximately 0.6%, and that mandates lead to similar increases in employee contributions for single-coverage health insurance plans. Alternative specifications using an AR(1) error structure estimate a larger effect of mandates, while those using generalized estimating equations estimate smaller effects. We find that mandates requiring insurers to cover a specific benefit, as opposed to a specific type of provider or person, lead to the largest increases in employee contributions. 相似文献
85.
李江伟 《湖北财经高等专科学校学报》2010,22(2):15-17
马斯洛“需要层次论”认为,人的基本需要可以归纳为生理、安全、交往、尊重和自我实现等五类。国家作为一个理性的行为体,在国际社会中的角色与个人在社会中的角色,有着极其类似的特征。中国的国家利益在历史的各个发展阶段展现了不同侧重的国家利益需求。本文根据马斯洛需求层次理论,对当前中国的国家利益需求进行合理的分析和展望,为国家利益的界定和实现提供理论支持。 相似文献
86.
87.
The prevalence of online health communities (OHCs) motivates health product companies to manipulate persuasion-based marketing strategies, including fear appeals and coping appeals, to promote health products. However, whether such a practice is effective remains unclear. Respondents may either impulsively purchase the recommended health products or simply distance themselves psychologically from the information. Building on protection motivation theory (PMT), this study uncovers the mechanisms behind these two coping responses to persuasive messages, namely, the impulsive purchasing and psychological distancing of OHC users. Correspondingly, we evaluated 366 valid questionnaires, and the results reveal that (1) when encountering fear appeals, perceived health threat can evoke cyberchondria, leading to psychological distancing; and (2) when encountering coping appeals, perceived response efficacy leads to product affection, fostering impulsive purchasing. This study provides new insights into the effects of persuasive messages for health product promotion in social commerce. Marketers should design appropriate persuasive messages to foster impulsive purchasing by generating individuals’ product affection and avoiding cyberchondria. 相似文献
88.
《Journal of Retailing》2021,97(3):424-438
Customization of food products has increased substantially in recent years while the desire for healthiness and an emphasis on understanding and providing calorie information continues to dynamically change the landscape of restaurant retail. The authors report four studies demonstrating that different customization routes (i.e., rejecting alternatives from a full product offering versus adding alternatives to a basic product offering) lead to systematic, but predictable, differences in consumers’ estimations of calories. In particular, this research finds that a rejection (vs. selection) customization process leads consumers to persistently estimate lower calories in the final product, which then improves evaluations of the retailer and leads to unhealthier food choices. These findings occur when consumers estimate calories of the exact same final product using the different paths to customization as well as when they create their own customized final product, while accounting for differences in the quantity and type of ingredients selected, suggesting a very general difference in estimations. This research has important implications for consumers who want to manage their weight and for firms that need to manage consumers’ health perceptions. 相似文献
89.
随着中国经济社会的不断发展和城市化进程的快速推进,为了满足市民对美丽环境日益增长的需求,国家设计并建造了越来越多的城市公园和街头绿地。而面对我国普遍缺水的现状,科学有效地评价、设计、管理景观用水显得十分重要,但国内却鲜有对此关注。特别是园林植物养护用水,即园林植物需水量,直接关系着可持续景观建设的实现。美国加州很早开始了相关领域的研究,并将园林植物需水量评估方法强制应用于实际景观设计中,可快速量化计算设计场地未来的用水量,具有现实的借鉴和指导意义。分析了国内对于可持续景观用水的相关现状和问题,依据WUCOLS项目的研究与实践,详细介绍了美国加州现行应用于景观设计中的园林植物需水量量化评估方法,并基于某加州庭院景观设计项目展示园林植物需水量估算的实际应用,讨论美国加州园林植物需水量估算的优劣与意义,进而分析其借鉴的可能性和方法。以期在未来建立一个符合中国特色的园林植物用水量评估体系,从而推进今后的可持续景观设计与建设。 相似文献
90.
风险在孵化网络中的传播影响孵化网络健康水平,并会导致在孵企业高失败率与低成长率。为实现有效的网络治理,以两家国家级孵化器形成的实际网络为例,运用复杂网络理论中的SIR模型和仿真方法,模拟特定情境下风险在不同网络结构中的传播机理及其对孵化网络最终健康水平的影响。研究发现：孵化网络结构、风险传播与网络健康间具有显著相关性;在低初始健康分布情景下,无标度网络具有更快的恢复速度;在不同网络结构下,可视化水平均有助于提升孵化网络风险化解能力。 相似文献