‘‘Isn't it time you were finishing?’’: Women's Labor Force Participation and Childbearing in England, 1860–1920

Abstract

This contribution examines the relationship between women's labor force participation (LFP) and fertility in three industrial towns of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England from a feminist economic perspective. The study augments existing statistical approaches to demographic history by discussing women's motivations. Women's LFP influenced their likelihood of family limitation (via effects on both age at marriage and marital fertility). Where women were most likely to be in paid work, they were most likely to limit family size. It is further argued that the diversity of LFP patterns is the principal explanation for the varied patterns of fertility decline in different parts of Britain.     

论《史记》教学中的人文素质教育

司马迁的《史记》蕴涵着丰富的人文素质内容，它大力弘扬的人文精神，如爱国主义、理想主义、坚定的信念、诚信的品质等等，对今天的大学生的人文素质的培养仍有重要的启示作用和教育意义。本文总结了《史记》教学中培养学生人文素质的几点经验。     

Logistic analysis of recent environmental interest

Progress in some fields has been shown to occur through a sequence of high-activity periods that often exhibit logistic growth patterns. Previously, this was demonstrated for local environmental issues during the U.S. Progressive Era through an analysis of environmental (aerial and water-borne) diseases. Later (1970s and 1980s), logistic growth trends in interest (articles and legislation) in national environmental concerns was demonstrated. Recently, environmental attention has included global issues resulting in several international environmental treaties that attempt to address the concerns. Logistic analysis is applied to the recent trends of interest in international environmental issues. This interest is measured at many levels: popular magazine articles, popular books, research-oriented books, and international treaties. There are indications that the elevated level of international environmental interest might have passed the midpoint, in the 1990s, of a 5-decade period. This recent period is compared with previously identified periods concerning local and national environmental issues. Possible reasons for the trends include the recent increasing rate and scope of technological development and the related, perhaps delayed social response. Potential future trends might indicate the relative rate of technological development and social resolution of its impacts. A possible leading indicator is the business and governance response to new technologies, like nanotechnology, which might be responsibly developed to mitigate previous environmental issues without introducing new unintended environmental consequences.     

明代中国经济的产权分析与中欧比较研究

资本市场的萌芽和产生是商品经济的发展水平、社会化大生产状况和信用制度的成熟程度等三个因素共同促成的结果。在14~16世纪,中国和欧洲的基本条件相当,但欧洲地区出现了世界最早的资本市场,并逐步发展成为新的世界经济中心,而当时经济同样发达,并具有悠久文明史的古老中国却不仅没有产生资本市场,反而日渐衰落。本文从产权经济学的视角对明代中国和欧洲的经济发展状况和产权制度进行了比较研究,论证了14~16世纪的中国不可能出现资本市场的历史必然性。     

Applying mathematics to economics according to Cournot and Walras

This article examines the reasons that led Cournot to refuse Walras's request that he writes an article defending mathematical economics. From a reading of Cournot's works on philosophy and economics we show three reasons which explain the Cournot's refusal. First, Cournot does not attach the same importance to the theorems proposed by Walras. Second, these theorems enable Walras to defend an economic system that he considers to be truer than any other while Cournot believed that the economy could be subject to various forms of mathematical representations. Third, Cournot does not refer to the same conception of mathematics of Walras.     

马克思“世界历史”理论与我国现代化建设

“世界历史”理论是马克思把握人类历史发展的重要尺度。邓小平同志在我国现代化建设中坚持与发展马克思“世界历史”理论,创立了建设有中国特色社会主义现代化的理论,实现了社会主义与现代化的历史融合,使社会主义获得了具有“世界历史”意义的生命力。     

The evolution and resilience of community-based land tenure in rural Mexico

This paper examines the evolution of ejido tenure in Mexico since the 1992 constitutional and legal reforms in that country. Prior to the Mexican Revolution, communal tenure had all but disappeared, but since 1920 community-based tenure re-emerged to become the dominant tenure form in Mexico. The paper investigates ejido land tenure through an examination of ejido governance structures and the tenure rules relating to the acquisition, transfer and extinction of land and resource rights. It draws on community-level research and numerous published case studies, relevant laws, and on data describing the status of ejidos countrywide. This reveals a diverse set of practices, which in many instances depart from the rules as defined in the Agrarian Law and even in internal community regulations. Land tenure plays a critical mediating role in the inter-relationship between humans and the environment. Using the framework of resilience I examine the persistence of ejido tenure and its dynamics in the aftermath of major land policy and legal reforms. Three major ‘shocks’ are identified which are seriously challenging the resilience of ejidos. These are the 1992 legal reforms, NAFTA and the resulting out-migration from rural Mexico, and urbanization. I conclude that ejidos have generally been resilient enough to accommodate the 1992 reforms, but problems with cross-generational transfers that stem in part from labor migration, and urbanization have set ejidos on a course that could ultimately overcome all but the most resilient communities.     

新奥地利经济学派在中国:历史与展望

新中国70年见证了西方经济学引入中国,在中国大地落地生根、传播发展的历史.作为重要的西方经济学流派,新奥地利经济学派自新中国成立以来在我国的传播依次经历了"起步-加速-成熟-发展"四个历史阶段.在这段传播过程当中,该学派随着我国市场化进程的不断推进而逐渐成长壮大,并在2008年全球金融危机之后蓬勃发展.尽管学术圈内外一...     

Early Arithmetics and Accounting Histories: A Comment

A standard historical approach to the study of a particular topic is to reach back into the past and to discover and to document early contributions, and if possible to find the first instance. To have been the first or to establish who was the first is a claim to fame. In two recent articles published in this journal such claims were made. Unfortunately for those that follow, these claims by Lee (1989) and Previts, Parker and Coffman (1990) seem incorrect.     

Does trade raise income?: Evidence from the twentieth century

Efforts to estimate the effects of international trade on a country’s real income have been hampered by the failure to account for the endogeneity of trade. Frankel and Romer recently use a country’s geographic attributes — notably its distance from potential trading partners — to construct an instrument to identify the effects of trade on income in 1985. Using data from the pre-World War I, the interwar, and the post-war periods, we find that the main result of Frankel and Romer is confirmed throughout the whole century: countries that trade more as a proportion of their GDP have higher incomes even after controlling for the endogeneity of trade. We also find that the OLS estimate of trade’s effect on income is biased downwards in almost every sample year. However, this result is not robust to the inclusion of distance from equator (latitude).