Local community reaction to the ‘no-take’ policy on fishing in the Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa

Fishing in the Tsitsikamma National Park has officially been halted since 2001. However, the desire to fish in the Marine Protected Area remains high among the local communities in Tsitsikamma. This has led to illegal fishing practices in the park. Consequently, the reaction of the local communities was measured using semi-structured questionnaires, informal interactions, personal observations, and through a key informant workshop that was organized in the Tsitsikamma National Park. It was found that responses from local communities to fishing within the park were defined by their residence status, ethnicity, gender, income, and educational level. There is a general understanding by local communities that the purpose of the Tsitsikamma National Park is to conserve nature within its boundaries. However, there is a mismatch in the understanding of the term ‘conservation’ between the local communities and conservation officials of the South African National Parks (SANParks). Local communities consider conservation to include sustainable utilization while conservation officials from the practice pursue absolute protection of the marine fisheries resources. The majority of local communities in Tsitsikamma resent this SANParks ‘no-take’ policy on fishing. They would like access to the fisheries resources in the Tsitsikamma National Park for both subsistence and recreational purposes.     

工业适度重型化背景下的低碳路径选择：基于广东工业的实证分析

对工业适度重型化背景下的高碳发展惯性特征进行分析和预测,并以广东为重点,利用对数平均权重分解法（ LMDI）研究工业能源消费历史碳排放的驱动因素。结果表明,广东工业重型化和高碳化在未来一段时期仍将处于惯性高位区间,工业碳排放峰值预计出现在2025年左右;由技术进步诱发的能源效率提升是过去十多年来碳排放增长减缓的主要影响因素,而产业结构和能源结构调整尚未发挥足够的降碳效应。结合广东工业适度重型化发展特征,研究认为,能源效率提升仍是现阶段广东工业碳减排的主要途径。随着技术进步效应的边际递减,中远期碳减排的主要动力源于产业结构和能源结构的优化。     

The EU ETS and corporate environmental abatement

This article studies the relationship between firm-level emissions-to-cap ratio (ETC) and environmental abatement, by using a unique and extensive data set of 10 762 installations covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) matched to 5931 firms. We find that a shortage of emissions allowances is related to more abatement in later years while a surplus of emissions allowances results in worse subsequent environmental performance. This finding underscores the importance of reducing the global amount of allowances in the ETS system. Our results also suggest that stakeholder pressure and the creation of transparency concerning corporate environmental performance are likely to support the effectiveness of the system.     

Do global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel consumption exhibit long memory? a fractional-integration analysis

In this article we use an autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average approach to measure the degree of fractional integration of aggregate world CO₂ emissions and its five components – coal, oil, gas, cement, and gas flaring. We find that all variables are stationary and mean reverting, but exhibit long-term memory. Our results suggest that both coal and oil combustion emissions have the weakest degree of long-range dependence, while emissions from gas and gas flaring have the strongest. With evidence of long memory, we conclude that transitory policy shocks are likely to have long-lasting effects, but not permanent effects. Accordingly, permanent effects on CO₂ emissions require a more permanent policy stance. In this context, if one were to rely only on testing for stationarity and non-stationarity, one would likely conclude in favour of non-stationarity, and therefore that even transitory policy shocks have permanent effects. Our fractional-integration analysis highlights that this is not the case.     

Oil Crisis,Market Reforms,and Human Welfare： An Econometric Analysis of the Australian Economy

As an active trader in international crude oil and petroleum product markets, Australia＇s human welfare is affected by oil crisis and contagion from the perspectives of economic growth, income inequality, and environmental sustainability. This paper investigates the impacts of oil price shocks upon Australia＇s gross domestic product （GDP） growth, Gini coefficients, and carbon dioxide emissions per capita from 1970 to 2012 with yearly frequency. Hypotheses concerning whether Australia＇s economic immunity against oil crisis is affected after the deregulation of oil market and whether endogenous oil price shocks account for more variations in human welfare than exogenous oil price shocks are tested. The methodologies include a theoretic model and a series of econometric tests. For the short-run dynamics, oil price is integrated into the model both linearly and non-linearly. Oil price shocks are categorized into exogenous and endogenous shocks. The conclusions are that inflated oil prices exert mainly non-linear negative impacts upon human welfare indicators and exogenous shocks induce endogenous shocks through labor price, Consumer Price Index （CPI）, interest rate, and exchange rate. For the long-run equilibrium, non-linear shocks＇ effects decay more slowly than linear shocks and the impacts of endogenous shocks last longer than that of exogenous shocks. Finally, oil market policies are evaluated and proposed.     

节能减排约束下中国能源消费结构演变分析

优化能源消费结构是节能减排目标实现的有效措施。首先分析了能源消费结构演进的内在变动规律,并运用基于OLS估计的Markov链模型预测了2020年中国能源消费结构的变化趋势,得出中国能源消费结构中以煤炭为主的高碳能源消费比重不断下降,而高效清洁能源所占比重不断上升的结论;然后通过路径分析方法对节能减排约束下能源消费结构的外部影响因素进行了剖析,明确其影响效应。结果表明：一方面,碳排放量约束对能源消费结构优化的直接影响较大,能源消费量约束、经济发展水平、能源价格和能源禀赋对能源消费结构优化起着间接推动作用;另一方面,节能减排会对能源供给和能源利用效率造成一定程度的负面影响,从而使碳排放约束和能源消费量约束对科技发展水平产生抑制作用。     

中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响研究——基于panel data计量模型的实证分析

文章选取中国CDM碳交易数量位居前列的十个省份为样本数据,对产业结构系数与单位GDP碳减排量之间的关系进行了梳理,并通过分析目前中国碳金融市场发展困境与碳金融市场对产业结构的影响方式,探究出中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响。通过采用面板数据背景下的固定效应模型进行统计分析,从定量的角度研究了碳金融对区域产业结构的影响,得到了某一区域碳交易规模的大小会对该区域产业结构系数起到积极的正向影响的结论。但是,不同区域之间存在差异性,主要原因归根于当地文化、发展阶段与政策导向。最后文章有针对性地从制定碳金融发展战略、加大碳金融市场基础设施建设与完善碳金融的监管和风险防范体系三方面,进一步提出了促进碳金融和低碳经济发展的对策建议。     

中国工业分行业碳排放影响因素分解研究

采用2004~2010年中国各行业不同能源类型的相关统计数据,基于IPCC温室气体排放清单指南中的计算方法,计算了中国工业分行业各类能源消耗碳排放量;并应用LMDI法对中国工业分行业能源消耗碳排放量影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:在这7年中,中国工业能源消费碳排放年均增长8.18%,比工业增加值平均增速高5.26%;在对经济增长、产业结构、能源强度、能源结构四个因素的分析中可知,经济增长和能源强度的升高是中国能源碳排放持续增长的主导原因,能源结构对减少碳排放有较小贡献,产业结构对促进中国工业能源碳排放减少有很大贡献。通过对中国工业三大行业的进一步分析可知,制造业、电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业对中国工业能源碳排放的增加有较大影响。     

全球航空货运碳排放配额分配问题研究

国际民航组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO)第38届大会上提出2016年前建立国际航空全球市场化减排机制(market-based measures,MBM)方案。在MBM方案设计过程中,碳排放配额的分配方式无疑是最关键的问题。文章首次从航空货运的角度对该问题进行了相关研究。在欧盟碳排放交易体系(European Union Emissions Trading Scheme,EU ETS)碳排放配额分配方法的理论基础上,对欧盟ETS对航空货运企业的实际配额分配进行了分析,发现航空货运企业均存在不同程度的剩余配额;进而剖析了造成这一现象的原因,并挖掘出背后的深层原因即EU ETS配额分配的不合理性。基于以上分析,提出了国际航空全球碳排放配额分配方法设计时应考虑的要素:遵循"无歧视"原则,保证利益分配上的公平;考虑客货运航空公司之间差异,以及发展中国家的特殊情况。     

构建企业污染物减排内外动力机制研究

我国污染物减排主要依靠政府的强力推动,企业在污染物减排实施中一直处于被动地位,其主体地位角色一直缺失。要建立长效的企业污染物减排实施机制需要实现企业主体"还位"。通过对我国企业污染物减排行为的博弈分析,探讨我国企业减排动力不足的内因和外因;并提出引入污染物排放信息披露制度强化减排监管力度,从外力驱动企业减排;建立排放权交易市场机制,发挥市场倒逼作用从内力驱动企业减排;并基于"双力"驱动对我国企业污染物减排动力机制进行设计,实现激发企业主动减排的目标。