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101.
102.
本文利用1952~2007年我国31个省际地区人均GDP数据,对地区间收入差距的变化趋势进行检验。结果发现:从整个样本期间来看,我国地区收入差距在逐渐缩小;以改革开放为节点分不同时段,检验结果表明改革前我国省际地区收入差距不断缩小,而改革后,我国地区收入差距不断扩大。 相似文献
103.
As indicators of social welfare, the incidence of inequality and poverty is of ongoing concern to policy makers and researchers alike. Of particular interest are the changes in inequality and poverty over time, which are typically assessed through the estimation of income distributions. From this, income inequality and poverty measures, along with their differences and standard errors, can be derived and compared. With panel data becoming more frequently used to make such comparisons, traditional methods which treat income distributions from different years independently and estimate them on a univariate basis, fail to capture the dependence inherent in a sample taken from a panel study. Consequently, parameter estimates are likely to be less efficient, and the standard errors for between-year differences in various inequality and poverty measures will be incorrect. This paper addresses the issue of sample dependence by suggesting a number of bivariate distributions, with Singh–Maddala or Dagum marginals, for a partially dependent sample of household income for two years. Specifically, the distributions considered are the bivariate Singh–Maddala distribution, proposed by Takahasi (1965), and bivariate distributions belonging to the copula class of multivariate distributions, which are an increasingly popular approach to modelling joint distributions. Each bivariate income distribution is estimated via full information maximum likelihood using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey for 2001 and 2005. Parameter estimates for each bivariate income distribution are used to obtain values for mean income and modal income, the Gini inequality coefficient and the headcount ratio poverty measure, along with their differences, enabling the assessment of changes in such measures over time. In addition, the standard errors of each summary measure and their differences, which are of particular interest in this analysis, are calculated using the delta method. 相似文献
104.
Charles H. Maltby 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(4):239-253
Abstract In the absence of any definite development of actuarial science in Great Britain which would be a suitable subject for this paper I considered that the most useful course would be to discuss some of the problems which are at present exercising my own mind, and no doubt the minds of many of my colleagues. Probably, many of these questions are akin to others which arise in other countries, so that their discussion at a meeting such as this may prove of mutual interest, while even if they are peculiar to ourselves, a disclosure of our doubts and difficulties will indicate the directions in which future developments may be expected. I must, however, emphasize that any views expressed are purely personal, and do not in any way pretend to represent a consensus of British actuarial opinion. Throughout this paper only Ordinary (as opposed to Industrial) business in considered. 相似文献
105.
本文运用Keynesian的绝对收入假设消费函数模型,充分考虑重庆直辖前后的差异,将消费与收入的数据分为直辖前和直辖后两个阶段分别进行协整检验并建立误差修正模型,然后对两个阶段所表现出的显著差异进行纵向对比分析,最后提出当前形势下刺激农村居民消费扩大的政策建议。 相似文献
106.
Building,Marketing and Living in an Islamic Gated Community: Novel Configurations of Class and Religion in Istanbul
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Ayşe Çavdar 《International journal of urban and regional research》2016,40(3):507-523
This article analyses the development and marketing of Islamic gated communities in Basaksehir, Istanbul. It demonstrates how a blueprint of public–private urban development was appropriated by middle‐class Islamists. The gated communities in Basaksehir—which, at the outset, were not explicitly religious—gradually became attractive to religious actors searching for enclosed urban enclaves where Islamic communities would be protected against perceived moral‐urban threats. While urban‐religious enclaves appear to bear similarities to pre‐modern Ottoman Islamic urban enclaves, the rise of contemporary Islamic gated communities should be understood in light of the recent coming to power of the Islamist Turkish government. In cooperation with this government, housing development agencies approached Islamic investors to find capital for their public–private housing projects. One of the results of this form of urban development is that, contrary to pre‐modern Ottoman Islamic urban enclaves, the Islamic gated communities are homogenous in terms of economic class, catering specifically to the Islamic middle classes. Moreover, people who invest in Basaksehir desire an urban‐religious lifestyle that differs from the ‘traditional' religious lifestyle experienced in ‘traditional' Islamic neighbourhoods. The specific urban‐religious configuration generates a new type of Islam that better fits middle‐class values and a middle‐class lifestyle. 相似文献
107.
随着高等教育体制改革不断深入,高校适应市场经济的能力不断加强,高校的经济活动日益频繁。为调节相关经济活动,国家出台了一系列高校企业所得税税收政策,加强高校的税收管理工作。通过全面了解高校企业所得税税收政策,掌握高校企业所得税有关优惠待遇,研究高校企业所得税的核算方法,探讨高校企业所得税存在的问题及改革对策,并提出对高校企业所得税缓征及免征的建议。 相似文献
108.
Inyong Shin 《Economic Modelling》2012,29(5):2049-2057
Despite the extensive existing literature on income inequality and economic growth, there remains considerable disagreement on the effect of inequality on economic growth. Existing literatures find either a positive or a negative relationship. In this paper, we attempt to theoretically examine that relationship with a stochastic optimal growth model. We make the disagreement clear within a single model. We conclude (i) that both are possible – that is, higher inequality can retard growth in the early stage of economic development, and can encourage growth in a near steady state, (ii) that income redistribution by high income tax does not always reduce income inequality. Income inequality can be reduced by higher income tax in a near steady state, but it cannot be reduced in the early stage of economic development, and (iii) that two government polices – rapid economic growth and low income inequality – can be achieved by low income tax in the early stage of economic development, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously in a near steady state. 相似文献
109.
证券投资基金的收益主要包括利息收入,股利收入和资本利得。在甸证券市场发育不完善的现阶段,出于会计谨慎性原则的考虑,证券投资基金的收益不应包括股票股利和未实现的资本利得。在收益分配方面,管理层对证券投资基金收益分配政策的限制过程多过死,不利于投资基金业的健康发展,基金持有人大会在基金收益分配政策的制定上应当享有更多的决定权。 相似文献
110.