Residential segregation and educational attainment of children from regional migrant families in China

This paper studies the residential segregation effects on educational attainment of children from regional migrant families in China. We find that if migrant families live in segregated communities with fewer local residents, the school dropout rate of the children living with their parents in the host cities is higher and their high school enrollment rate is lower. We employ a unique set of nationwide survey data of regional migrants in China in 2012 and 2013 that comprises more than 150,000 individuals in each year. We first use the ratio of migrants over the total population residing in a community to measure segregation. When the ratio increases by 10%, the school dropout rate of migrant children increases by 4.7% from the mean value. Secondly, we identify segregation from the housing type of the migrant family. When they reside in the dorms provided by their employers or in the workplace, they will also be surrounded by many migrant colleagues. We find that living in such places increases the “not‐going‐to‐high‐school rate” of migrant children by 35% from the mean value. Our subsample analysis indicates that the segregation effects only exist in the samples of male migrant children and rural hukou families.     

The income elasticity gap and its implications for economic growth and tourism development: the Balearic vs the Canary Islands

ABSTRACT

The Balearic and the Canary Islands are two well-known tourism-led economies. They both experienced a tourism boom during the same decades, and, hence, they developed a similar productive-mix. Nevertheless, there are strong economic differences between the two regions. While the Balearic Islands enjoy a high GDP per capita, the Canary Islands show a more modest performance. The results of a panel data regression confirm our hypothesis that they differ substantially in terms of income elasticity of tourism. It is two times higher in the Balearic Islands than in the Canaries, which indicates the first is perceived as a more luxurious destination. Furthermore, the results of a dynamic computable general equilibrium model show that the Canaries would converge in GDP per capita with the Balearic Islands if they attracted tourists with a similar profile as the latter.     

Demand for Redistribution: Individuals’ Responses to Economic Setbacks

Economic circumstances have been argued to be a major determining factor of attitudes toward redistribution, but there is little well‐established evidence at the individual level. The Swedish National Election Studies are constructed as a rotating survey panel, which makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of economic changes. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who lose their job become considerably more supportive of redistribution. Yet, attitudes toward redistribution return to their initial level as economic prospects improve, suggesting that the effect is only temporary. While a job loss also changes attitudes toward the political parties, the probability of voting for the left‐wing is not affected.     

Testing for infinite order stochastic dominance with applications to finance, risk and income inequality

In this paper we develop a test of infinite order degree stochastic dominance based on the use of the empirical Laplace transform function. Two applications are considered. One uses the income data of Anderson (Econometrica 64:1183–1193, 1996) and derives results consistent with his. In the other application we examine the dominance between the U.S. and U.K. stock markets. Using data on the S&P 500 and the FTALL-Share we show that the U.S. displays infinite order degree stochastic dominance of the U.K.

中国转型期城乡收入差距的制度成因分析

中国转型期城乡收入差距呈扩大趋势,城乡收入差距偏大;城镇居民收入增长率明显大于农村居民收入增长率.重工业优先发展战略、二元的价格制度是中国转型期城乡收入差距扩大的历史成因;财税体制、金融体制、户籍制度是根本原因;此外,农村土地产权制度、二元的计划生育政策、制度变迁扩大了城乡收入差距.     

政府补助、保险支付与老年临终照料成本——基于2002-2014年CLHLS死亡人口追踪数据的分析

为应对日益增大的老年人照料压力,我国各地试点通过政府补助或社会保险支付的方式满足老人的照料需求。基于2002-2014年CLHLS死亡人口追踪数据,文章用两部分模型、Heckman选择模型和结构方程模型,分析了政府补助、保险支付对老年临终照料直接成本和总成本的影响及其中介机制。研究发现,老年临终照料服务由保险支付的直接成本和总成本都比家庭支付明显更高,政府补助的直接成本比家庭支付更高,保险支付的直接成本比政府补助更高。保险支付和政府补助对照料成本影响的机制存在差异,保险支付主要通过收入效应对照料成本产生显著影响,但替代效应也发挥了中介作用,政府补助则主要通过替代效应对照料成本产生显著影响。文章的研究结论具有重要的政策含义。我国发展长期护理保险,应合理界定政府、市场、社会和家庭对老年人的照料责任,并明确长期护理保险的有限责任,尽量降低可能的收入效应和替代效应对照料成本的影响。     

低碳约束对产业集聚的门槛效应分析

产业集聚作为重要的产业组织形式,其影响因素一直是理论界研究的重点,但鲜有学者直接研究低碳约束对产业集聚的影响。基于2000-2012年中国内地30个省（市、自治区）的数据,利用门槛回归方法,从人均收入和人力资本两个角度,检验了低碳约束对产业集聚的门槛效应。收入门槛的检验结果表明,在中、低收入阶段,低碳约束抑制产业集聚,而在高收入阶段,低碳约束则显著促进地区产业集聚;人力资本门槛的检验结果表明,在高人力资本阶段,低碳约束能够显著带动地区产业集聚,在中低人力资本阶段则相反。     

Gender segregation and earnings differences in the Spanish labour market

This article analyses the effects of different types of gender segregation on the gender wage differential for the Spanish labour market. Matched employer–employee data from a sample of 226,535 workers are used. These workers are employed in 61 occupations within 26,492 establishments in 51 different industries. Workers belonging to the same industry, establishment or job share common factors which cannot be observed and these factors affect wages. If these unobservable variables are correlated with the explanatory variables, their estimated effects will be biased. For this reason, we estimate the effects of each type of gender segregation on the wage gap using a robust specification to these possible correlations. We obtain that industrial segregation by gender explains a lower part of the wage gap between men and women than previous researches found using standard regressions, while the contributions of establishment segregation and occupational segregation within each establishment are greater.     

新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应研究

本文从收入和就业两个视角出发,基于微观调查数据,实证新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应。结果发现新型农业经营主体发展的收入效应和就业效应是显著的,即便是在控制了新型农业经营主体发展的内生性之后,新型农业经营主体发展的收入效应和就业效应仍然进一步加强。西部民族地区和非民族地区新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应是存在差异的,非民族地区新型农业经营主体发展的收入效应和就业效应要明显好于民族地区。同时,还发现性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、基础设施状况等对新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应的影响不显著,年龄、户籍状况、健康状况、家庭氛围、家中人口供养比、家庭社会资本、物流体系、金融服务、产业结构、电商平台发展以及农业技术培训等对新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应产生显著正向影响,而农业机械化发展状况和农村治安状况在收入视角和就业视角下对新型农业经营主体发展的福利效应产生截然相反的影响。     

NIT picking: The macroeconomic effects of a Negative Income Tax

I study a revenue-neutral reform of the U.S. income tax and welfare system that involves the adoption of a Negative Income Tax (NIT). The reform is undertaken in a life-cycle economy with individual heterogeneity and uninsurable idiosyncratic labor risk. The optimal NIT consists of a 22% rate and a transfer equivalent to 11% of per-capita GDP. The ex-ante average welfare gain is a 2.1% annual increase of individual consumption. I show that a NIT outperforms a flat tax reform (income tax plus deduction) by a considerable margin. The key consequence of the reform is that high-productivity agents increase their relative importance in the labor supply at the expense of low-productivity agents.