International income-shifting regulations: Empirical evidence from Australia and Canada

This study examines market reactions to two different approaches to reduce income shifting in an international setting. The two methods are described and event studies are performed using stock market data from Canada and Australia. Samples of companies from both countries are partitioned into firms predicted to be affected versus unaffected by each country's event. Australia's regulation taxes profits arising in low-tax subsidiaries at Australian rates. Canada's method defines acceptable transfer prices (arm's-length transactions) and describes enforcement and audit policies. We find evidence of stock market reactions on some of the event dates for Australian and Canadian firms affected by these two approaches.     

A time varying parameter approach to the Chinese aggregate consumption function

China experienced a number of economic, political and social upheavals in the pre-reform period, together with a gradual transformation from a centrally-planned to a market oriented economy in the post-reform period. Given this background of extensive change, a time varying parameter (TVP) consumption model for non-durables is developed in order to determine the resulting changes in consumer behaviour caused by both observable and unobservable factors. The parameters of interest are the short and long run marginal propensities to consume (MPC) and the long run average propensity to consume (APC). The model is based on Friedman's permanent income hypothesis (PIH) and estimated using the Kalman filter algorithm. The empirical results suggest that the TVP model is a good representation of the changes in Chinese consumer behaviour over time. In terms of forecasting, the TVP model generally outperforms a number of alternative models.     

Tax perceptions and the demand for public expenditure: evidence from UK micro-data

Using responses from the 1995 British Social Attitudes Survey (BSAS), this paper assesses if there is evidence of voter misperception of tax costs. We find convincing evidence of income tax (IT) and value added tax (VAT) misperceptions, with a systematic bias towards overestimation of tax burdens for VAT, contrary to predictions of the fiscal illusion literature. We then integrate tax misperceptions into a model of demand for public expenditure. Voters' spending preferences are strongly related to their incomes, actual tax costs, and other fiscal-related household characteristics. A tendency to overestimate tax burdens appears to have only a modest influence on demands for public spending.     

Tiebout choice and residential segregation by race in US metropolitan areas, 1980–2000

This article examines the link between local government fragmentation, or “Tiebout choice,” and segregation between black and white residents. As suggested by Tiebout [Tiebout, C., 1956. A pure theory of local public expenditures. Journal of Political Economy 64, 416–424.], fragmented local governance structures may encourage households to vote with their feet and sort into communities based on their willingness to pay for local public services. This outcome has been well documented. The nuance explored here is that, if the demand for local public services varies by race or if households have preferences for neighbors with specific racial characteristics, local government fragmentation may foster an increase in residential segregation by race across neighborhoods and jurisdictions. Results from metropolitan-level regressions suggest that increased Tiebout choice is associated with increases in black–white residential segregation within US metropolitan areas. Comparable results are obtained from household-level estimates, where the black racial composition of a household's census tract of residence is regressed on household-level controls and racially stratified measures of Tiebout choice. Results from both approaches suggest that a 10% increase in Tiebout choice would increase neighborhood segregation by no more than 1%, while segregation across jurisdictions would increase by between 4% and 7%.     

An occupational hazard? Sex segregation in tourism employment

This article presents data from an exploratory study carried out over a 12 month period using qualitative research methods. The study tests theoretical concepts adapted from the model of the ‘vicious circles of job segregation’ (Collinson et al., Managing to Discriminate. Routledge, London, 1990) in the specific context of tourism organizations. It examines factors which contribute to the sex segregation of employment in selected tourism organizations, and the role of equal opportunities policies in resisting segregationary practices. The findings of this initial research conclude that participating tourism organizations rationalize job segregation in relation to the culture of tourism. In addition, the informality of internal recruitment systems serves to reproduce existing organizational structures. There is evidence to suggest that use of equal opportunities policies can provide one possible means of resistance to such segregation.     

国际外包、就业和收入分配之文献综述

随着经济全球化进程的不断加快,外包作为一种资源组织方式获得了飞速发展。跨国公司从“内部化”到“外部化”的转变对发包国和承包国的就业和收入分配产生了巨大的影响。尤其是20世纪80年代以来一些发达国家出现劳动力需求逆转之后,外包的就业和分配效应日益受到学术界的关注。本文回顾和分析了国外相关研究,对完善和深化我国的外包理论研究具有重要的借鉴意义。     

FDI对长三角制造业收入差距影响的实证分析

跨国公司对外投资的区位不平衡性影响着各地区的经济发展差异,是否也是形成地区内行业间收入差距的重要原因?文章利用长三角地区两省一市的数据,以制造业为例,运用固定效应模型对长三角地区外资对制造业收入差距的影响进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,长三角地区外商直接投资的行业分布对其制造业收入差距起到了缩小作用,而外贸和内资则起着拉大收入差距的效果。     

涉外企业所得税优惠制度改革的若干思考

我国实施涉外企业所得税优惠制度历时 20余年,其间虽也进行过调整,然优惠的程度不但没有降低,且有提高之势。该优惠制度的积极作用自不待言,但过分的优惠已造成国家财政收入减少,且阻碍了内资企业的发展。本文试图对该优惠制度存在的问题及其负面作用进行分析,并提出改革的几点新设想。     

企业所得税收入归属机制研究

实证分析显示，1994--2005年我国省际人均内外资企业所得税收入分布差异既超过其对应税源分布差异，也超过全部税收收入分布差异。在我国现行财税体制下，尤其在“两法合并”实行法人所得税制之后，应当坚持税收归属与税收来源一致性原则，以“分支机构全面预缴、总机构汇算清缴”为基本模式，以“总机构统算应税所得、按比例进行分配、总分机构分别申报纳税”为补充模式，建立科学的地区间企业所得税收入归属机制。     

中国城镇居民的住房支付能力：1991—2005

我国早有关于住房支付能力的讨论，以世界银行1992年的著作作为我国使用房价收入比概念起点的观点不合史实；跨国房价收入比数据一般不具可比性，也不存在国际惯例或国际警戒线；房价收入比用于衡量住房支付能力，重要的是其变动的走向，而不只是某年的具体数值。本文计算了我国1991-2005年的房价收入比，用以衡量城镇居民购买新建商品住房的支付能力，发现：我国房价收入比整体上有所下降，但从2003年起又上升；房价收入比具有明显的区域特征。表现出东部趋升、中西部趋降的态势，上海、北京的房价收入比较高，北京和西藏的房价收入比波动较大，各省市间房价收入比的差别呈减小态势。