建立社会保障资金投资收益保障机制

社会保障是市场经济失衡的分配关系的补充,社保资金是广大民众的养老钱和活命钱.为保证社会保障投资能稳定地获得资本收入,必须建立社保资金投资利润保障机制,其目的就是要消除社保资金投资的风险因素.一般可以通过容许社保资金优先购买国债、使之优先参与银行间的资金拆借和把垄断行业开辟为社保资金的无风险投资等措施,使社保资金能够稳定地获得资本收入,最终为社保资金投资建立有效的收益保障机制.     

THE EQUAL ABSOLUTE SACRIFICE PRINCIPLE REVISITED

Abstract.  We summarize the literature on equal absolute sacrifice income taxes, and make some extensions. We adapt the utilitarian equal sacrifice criterion to a wide class of rank-dependent social welfare functions, and find that liabilities depend on both income and position in the distribution. We investigate whether such taxes need be progressive, using a combination of analytics and simulation, and in the process uncover tax functions not previously recognized as equating sacrifices. Finally, out of horizontal equity considerations a new concept of 'the equal treatment of equals' by an income tax emerges, with implications for future work whose significance is discussed.     

Racial gaps in the transition to first-time homeownership: The role of residential location

Evidence suggests that African Americans wait longer to transition into first-time homeownership than white households with similar endowments. This paper relies on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine the contribution of residential location toward the black–white gap in first-time homeownership transitions. For a sample of young renters who first left their parents' home during the period 1978 through 1987, I estimate continuous time duration models that explain racial gaps in rental tenure durations prior to first-time homeownership as a function of individual, household, and location-specific covariates. I find that while several residential location characteristics, particularly those associated with the supply of affordable owner-occupied housing, impinge upon racial gaps in first-time homeownership transitions, most of the racial gap in homeownership transitions would be eliminated if blacks and whites had similar individual and household characteristics.     

行业收入差距的形成机理实证研究——以浙江省为例

本文在对行业收入差距形成机理进行理论诠释的基础上，应用计量经济学中的Panel Data方法，以浙江省为例，对行业收入差距的形成机理进行了实证检验。模型结果显示，从对行业收入差距的影响效果上来说，行业问产业层次水平差异的影响最大，其次是垄断水平差异，人力资本水平差异的影响相对较小，而行业劳动水平差异则没有通过显著性检验。基于该实证结果，可以从严格限制垄断行业的不合理高收入和缩小行业人力资本水平差异这两方面着手以缓解行业收入差距，而由于产业结构升级所导致的行业收入差距则会在相当一段时期内继续维持或扩大。     

Rating Agencies as Gatekeepers to the Capital Market: Practical Implications of 40 Years of Research

This paper gives an extensive overview on the avenues academic research has taken in exploring the role of credit ratings. In doing so, it relies on a strict methodological approach for the collection and evaluation of relevant studies to address the criticisms on the lack of profoundness in prior literature reviews in business research. It provides therefore to both academics and practitioners an exhaustive compendium on the role and relevance of credit ratings for each key stakeholder over the past 40 years. Second, it pinpoints specifically to how credit ratings impact corporate strategy. In this matter, it suggests to focus on this underresearched aspect in future as it has become a critical factor in the decision‐making of company boards.     

Are Full Employment and Social Cohesion Possible Under Financialization?

Unemployment and unequal income distribution were singled out by J.M. Keynes, in the General Theory, as major faults of capitalist economies. This paper argues that there is a negative relationship between financialization and unemployment. In particular, we develop a simple Post Keyneian/Kaleckian model and explore distribution as well as institutional channels through which financialization might have negatively affected the employment performance of capitalist economies, undermining the social cohesion and egalitarian development. Furthermore, we argue that in the face of financialization full employment is likely to be attainable under the institutionalization of an Employer of Last Resort (hereafter ELR) policy strategy.     

Local Government＇s Reliance on ＂Land Finance＂ and Land Income Distribution： Analysis and Comments Based on a Survey in Z County of East China

土地出让收入在我国地方政府财政运行中扮演着重要角色，在东部沿海地区的市、县、乡镇以及全国各地的其他大、中、小城市表现得特别突出，以致人们把地方财政称为“土地财政”。笔者两次就土地财政问题对东部地区经济发达镇Z镇进行了专题调研，本文基于两次调研所获得的第一手资料，比较系统地勾画出土地出让收入规模、土地出让收入在地方财政收支中的重要性、土地征用过程中的利益冲突格局。通过这些原始数据，可以比较清晰、具体地把握地方政府土地财政的实际运行情况。在此基础上，本文对土地财政问题进行了理论思考，提出可供选择的政策建议。     

基于相对收入假说的我国城乡居民消费函数实证分析——以浙江省为例

居民消费是经济增长的持久动力,消费不足也一直是我国经济增长中的一个严峻问题。本文以浙江省为例,通过对1980至2007年的统计数据分析,估计了城镇和农村居民的消费函数,并对两者进行了比较,进而对提高我国居民的消费能力提出了相应的对策建议。     

Optimal fiscal decentralization: Redistribution and welfare implications

The literature has been inconclusive regarding the welfare effects of fiscal decentralization (FD), defined here as the extent to which local governments collect and spend local tax revenues. We present an original model to investigate formally the distributional and welfare implications of FD. In contrast to the standard approach that compares the implications of full FD with that of centralization, we consider that the central government chooses the level of FD to maximize welfare in a heterogeneous country. Noncooperatively, local governments choose their tax collection effort to maximize local utility. We show that an increase in the tax rate leads optimal FD to increase so as to compensate for the welfare loss from decreasing optimal local tax effort. Hence, welfare and income distribution improve in FD at its intermediate, rather than extreme, levels. We coin this result as the decentralization-Laffer curve. As regional spillovers increase, FD is less desirable as it deteriorates welfare and income distribution. This finding provides a novel support for the decentralization theorem and contributes to the fiscal policy debate.     

有效预警上市公司违规的递延所得税异动指标和人工智能模型

2000-2017年,3434家A股上市公司样本中的47.79%至少有一次违规记录,每年平均有17%的公司违规,而监管机构平均需要2.7年查证并通告违规行为。我们用当年数据构建递延所得税异动指标,可有效预判违规,并发现监管机构未能识别这一指标的警示作用,实际激励了违规公司通过操纵递延所得税提高财务指标以规避稽查。进一步构建决策树模型,对违规事件实现样本外精准判别。本文揭示了A股公司大面积违规而稽查过程冗长迟缓这一重要现象,并分析了违规机制,指出了所得税数据在稽查违规中可以发挥的预警作用,为监管者和投资者提供有效预警上市公司违规行为的新指标和方法。