Women on boards of directors: Why skirts in seats aren’t enough

Most organizations focus their attention on simply achieving gender diversity on their boards. This approach misses the point. A complex relationship exists between board gender diversity and good governance whereby such diversity can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on organizational performance, indicating that organizations may only reap the benefits of gender-diverse boards under proper conditions. This article examines which conditions allow gender-diverse boards to flourish and which conditions lead to failure. Organizations usually increase female representation on boards of directors to achieve one of two goals: gender parity or improved governance. Each of these goals is influenced by different circumstances and thus must be approached in a unique manner. Three recommendations are offered herein for organizations trying to achieve each goal. Gender, ethnic, and cultural board diversity all share related justifications and challenges, so organizations that follow the recommendations in this article will be well positioned to benefit from all three sources of increased diversity on their boards of directors.     

一种新型有源滤波器谐波电流检测方法研究

文章首先介绍了独立电源系统的特点，并阐述了独立电源系统有源滤波器谐波和无功电流的补偿原理。而后，根据独立电源系统的特点，提出了一种新型的谐波电流检测方法，通过与传统的瞬时无功功率理论和快速傅里叶变换提取谐波方法相比，该方法计算简单、准确度好、实现方便，具有较大的优越性，并在实际的有源滤波器装置中得到了较好的应用，表明该方法是正确和有效的。     

广东省独立董事制度现状评述

为了检验独立董事在我国的实施状况,本文仅以广东省上市公司为例,对独立董事占董事会的比例、独立董事年龄、学历、专业构成和独立董事薪酬状况进行分析,试图通过实证方法深入分析我国独立董事制度的实施现状,并提出完善意见。     

The Emergence of Corporate Governance from Wall St. to Main St.: Outside Directors, Board Diversity, Earnings Management, and Managerial Incentives to Bear Risk

Recent corporate events have brought a heightened public awareness to corporate governance issues. Much work has been accomplished to date, but it is clear that much more remains to be done. This paper provides a review of empirical research in four relevant areas of corporate governance. Specifically, the paper provides an overview of (a) the role that outside directors play in monitoring managers, (b) the emerging literature on the impact of board diversity, (c) the existence of and incentives for corporate executives to manage firm earnings, and (d) managerial incentives to bear risk.     

When will boards influence strategy? inclination × power = strategic change

While boards of directors are usually recognized as having the potential to affect strategic change in organizations, there is considerable debate as to whether such potential is typically realized. We seek to reconcile the debate on whether boards are typically passive vs. active players in the strategy realm by developing a model that specifies when boards are likely to influence organizational strategy and whether such an influence is likely to impel vs. impede change. Specifically, we develop arguments as to when certain demographic and processual features of boards imply a greater inclination for strategic change, when these features imply a greater preference for the status quo, and how differences in such inclinations will influence strategic change. We then also propose that a board's inclination for strategic change interacts with a board's power to affect change, generating a multiplicative effect on strategic change. These ideas are tested using survey and archival data from a national sample of over 3000 hospitals. The supportive findings suggest that strategic change is significantly affected by board demography and board processes, and that these governance effects manifest themselves most strongly in situations where boards are more powerful. We discuss these findings in terms of their relevance for theories of demography, agency, and power. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reining in auditors: On the dynamics of power surrounding an “innovation” in the regulatory space

In the aftermath of Enron and the collapse of Arthur Andersen, new “independent” institutions were created to oversee financial auditing. Based on a modified version of Lukes’ multidimensional model of power, we first investigate how the creation of the Canadian Public Accountability Board (CPAB) has affected the dynamics of power among the main players enlisted in Canada’s regulation of public accounting. Our findings strengthen the view that a “form of allegiance” was, at the time of data collection, developing between CPAB and the largest Canadian accounting firms. Through a second analytical movement, we extend the boundaries of our argument, showing that patterns of resistance against the logic of arm’s length regulation operate in a variety of audit regulatory sites. Our conclusion points, in particular, to the spatial gap - and incidentally the limitations - of any attempt to control and supervise a globalized industry from a national or regional perspective.     

董监高任职网络如何助推企业技术创新——基于同群效应视角

基于同群效应理论视角构建董监高任职网络,利用2010—2021年沪深A股上市公司样本,研究焦点企业的技术创新行为是否受到同群企业技术创新的影响,即董监高任职网络中是否存在企业技术创新同群效应,并进一步分析传导机制。研究结果表明：第一,同群企业的技术创新对焦点企业技术创新有显著促进作用。第二,同群企业技术创新通过激发焦点企业创新动机、优化焦点企业创新过程来促进焦点企业创新。第三,由于基于网络关联的内部信息渠道与外部信息渠道存在替代关系,董监高任职网络中的同群效应在外部信息环境较差时发挥更大作用。本文基于新的网络视角深化和丰富了企业创新同群效应及其机制研究,为创新重要性日益突出、企业联结日益密切背景下的企业技术创新提供了政策新思路。     

董事会内部非正式网络对企业创新的影响 ——基于董事会外部网络的调节作用

创新既是我国经济实现高质量发展的重要动力,也是企业长期获取竞争优势的关键。 董事会作为制定企业战略的核心,通过对创新资源的获取与运用影响企业创新水平。 基于社会网络理论,从董事会内部网络和外部网络两方面,探析了董事会内部非正式网络对企业创新的影响以及董事会外部网络的调节效应。通过 2013—2021 沪深 A 股上市公司数据,研究发现:基于“七同”关系属性形成的董事会内部非正式网络可以显著促进企业创新;董事会外部网络结构洞与网络中心性均可正向调节董事会内部非正式网络与企业创新之间的关系。 研究结论不仅回应了学术界关于人口统计学特征与中国本土情景相结合的呼吁,而且揭示了董事会内部与外部网络的互动性,深化了对中国本土企业社会网络治理机制的认识。     

The timeliness of performance information in determining executive compensation

We study whether boards of directors concentrate on performance near compensation decision times rather than providing consistent incentives for chief executive officers (CEO) throughout the fiscal year. We show empirically that managers can profit by moving sales revenue among fiscal quarters. Though this may suggest that boards use short-term trends when determining rewards, we find evidence consistent with boards tying pay to recent sales growth so as to use the best information about future performance. We also find that the timing of profits throughout the year does not affect CEO pay, which may suggest that smoothing firm income is important to CEOs.     

独立审计、公司外部治理与真实经营业绩——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

独立审计是公司治理的重要外部机制,但考察独立审计治理功能影响公司真实经营业绩的文献还较少。从减少信息不对称、提升治理效率与决策能力角度,提出了一个独立审计的公司外部治理功能影响公司真实经营业绩的理论框架。选取事务所规模、审计收费和审计意见作为审计质量的替代变量,以我国2007年-2009年上市公司为样本,实证研究发现事务所规模及审计收费均与公司真实经营业绩正相关;审计意见对公司滞后一年的真实经营业绩没有影响,这可能与我国监管及诉讼制度不完善导致＂非标＂意见未给公司及其内部人带来显著成本有关。