铁路曲线常见病害的预防与整治

本文根据作者的实际工作经验,从困扰铁路工务养护人员的常见曲线病害诸如方向不良、鹅头反弯、接头支咀、接头塌碴及钢轨磨耗等,系统介绍了病害表现及防治措施。     

《家畜传染病学》教学改革探索

针对较为单调、枯燥、不利于提高学生综合素质的旧的教学方式,通过近几年的尝试和探索,初步形成了一套及时更新教学内容、幻灯、多媒体、生产实践相结合的新的家畜传染病教学模式。对促进学生理论联系实际,提高分析问题、解决问题及综合设计能力起到了良好的作用。     

温室栽培黄瓜病害综合防治技术规程

阐述了温室黄瓜多种病害的物理，生物，化学等综合防治技术规程。     

嘉兴地区农村居民肠道传染病预防知识的调查与分析

采用调查问卷方式,随机对150名嘉兴地区农村居民,进行肠道传染病预防知识和个人卫生习惯状况抽样调查。调查结果显示,本地区有78.7%的农村居民以自来水作为饮用水水源,而以井水和水箱水作为饮用水水源的分别为15.3%和6.0%,肠道传染病预防知识的知晓率为54.0%,84.7%的农村居民认为在当地进行肠道传染病的预防知识的宣教干预十分必要。因此,卫生防疫部门,应采取具有针对性的措施,加大本地区农村居民肠道传染病预防知识的宣教干预力度。     

Tackling the new materialities: Modern food and counter-movements in Ecuador

Faced with rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs), the Ecuadorian Government has proposed a model health program targeting individual and environmental level determinants. Drawing on cosmopolitan social theory, the experiences of counter-movements and concerns over food policy, the authors explore how mass pesticide poisoning and obesity can be viewed as the product of the ‘success’ of the modernization policy as well as a specific range of global phenomena configuring civic activity and policy situations. Through the study of NCDs as an emergent social field, the authors examine historical developments and heterogeneity in peoples’ practices for insights on more practical and effective public policy responses. The rise of the consumer–citizen in counter-movements represents a paradoxical, but promising dynamic capable of reconstituting economies, culture, and society. In Ecuador, social action appears to be a largely neglected and under-utilized resource for tackling NCDs and perhaps other highly pressing and seemingly intractable food policy concerns.     

Barriers and potential facilitators to the implementation of government policies on front-of-pack food labeling and restriction of unhealthy food advertising in Thailand

Thailand is experiencing an increasing burden of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases. The Thai government has responded by developing a number of policies to protect and promote healthy eating. In particular, in 2008, the Thai Government passed a regulation to restrict unhealthy radio and television food advertising to children (RTA). In the following year, a voluntary front-of-pack nutrition labeling policy to promote those products that had reduced their sugar, fat and/or sodium content by at least 25% (25% SFS) was passed. However, the extent of implementation of both of these policies has been poor to date. The aim of this study was to identify barriers and potential facilitators to the implementation of both the RTA and 25% SFS policies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants holding senior positions in government, industry and civil society organizations closely involved in the implementation of these policies. The interview data were analyzed using the thematic framework analysis approach. The major barriers to policy implementation perceived by participants were a lack of a monitoring and evaluation system, a lack of organization knowledge regarding skills required for implementation, poor governance system, lack of funding and resources, lack of effective multi-sectoral platforms, influence of the food industry, lack of clear policy content, organizational culture and structure, and changes in policy priorities. Factors that potentially facilitated implementation of these policies, as identified by participants, were policy being compatible to implementer’s context, individual support from government officials, good financial management mechanisms, inter-organization networks, and personal motivation to implementing policy. The successful implementation of policies to create healthy food environments in Thailand will likely require attention towards improving the capacity and authority of government agencies, infrastructure to support multi-sectoral platforms and inter-organizational networks, and adequate resources.     

城镇职工基本医疗保险分散大病风险研究——基于广东典型地区的分析

选取广东省三个代表性地区的大规模医疗保险数据,对职工医保分散大病风险的效果进行了定量分析和模拟测算。从总体上看,参保人的医疗负担还比较重;职工医保在缓解灾难性支出方面作用明显,但整体效果有限。在40%的门槛下,欠发达地区灾难性支出发生率达到29.3%,发达地区也达到了8.5%。相对弱势的中老年群体和低收入群体是灾难性支出发生率最高的群体,但并未受到职工医保的充分照顾。相反,20-39岁的年青群体和高收入阶层成为相对受益最大的群体。从保障水平调整机制、补充医疗保障体系以及医疗救助与职工医保的衔接等三个方面提出了政策建议。     

Influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, 2003–2016: application of Bayesian quantile regression

Abstract

Background: More and more disabled elderly need long-term care as China becomes an aging society. In 2016, there were 220 million people over the age of 60, and nearly 10 million completely disabled elderly people who cannot complete Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Therefore, the topic of influencing factors for disability among the elderly in China has attracted close attention from researchers, most of which use the traditional empirical methods, such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic.

Objective: The purpose of this paper was to introduce the Bayesian Quantile Regression (BQR) method to the topic of the disabled elderly, which was achieved by using BQR to study the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China during 2003–2016.

Methods: This paper was the first attempt to use the BQR for the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the regression results of BQR, OLS, Quantile Regression (QR), and Bayesian Linear Regression (BLR).

Results: It was found that there was a relatively stable relationship between chronic diseases and disability, although there was a little difference in different quantiles. In addition, the BQR can obtain results similar to the traditional method. For instance, the coefficient of chronic diseases (to total disability) obtained by OLS, QR, and BLR were basically consistent (around 0.778), which was similar to BQR. The BQR not only provided estimates for all the quantiles, but also provided upper and lower values of a certain confidence interval.

Conclusions: By applying the BQR to the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, we reached the conclusion that BQR methods are adaptable for this research topic because of their characteristics and advantages over the traditional methods, such as less strict constraints, the estimates for all quantiles, and the combination of historical information with prior information. Moreover, the BQR method appropriately obtained the lower and upper values in a confidence interval, which can provide prediction space for the future.     

游走于国家与个体:《申报》(1905—1912)医药广告中的多重意识形态

近代多元意识形态交织,作为积聚疾病隐喻、商业属性和政治意涵的载体,医疗广告成为时代文化的镜子。本研究通过对《申报》医药广告(1905—1912)的观察,运用并修正了“勾连”理论,增进其在近代中国的适用性,解析疾病与意识形态的勾连,探索个体和国家之间意义回流的形式和原因。研究认为,“治病”是多重意识形态的中介,接合着民族主义、利己主义、爱国主义及科学主义。     

北京大城市病治理与京津冀协同发展

中央把京津冀协同发展定位为国家发展战略的重要原因之一,就是要解决北京的大城市病。北京城市病的产生原因很多,可归结为三大原因:经济发展及其所引致的人口过快增长是核心原因;城市规划不科学、不合理,单中心格局未能突破是重要原因;体制机制掣肘是最根本原因。因此,北京大城市病的治理需要疏解非核心功能、调控产业、优化城市空间、加快轨道交通体系建设和推进京津冀协同发展。