Expansion of Japanese Retailers Overseas

Abstract

There have been a number of studies of foreign retail entry into Japan but few that consider the moves of Japanese retailers to other Asian countries. Nonetheless expansion into Asia of Japanese retailers, notably since the early 1990s, has been considerable. Many have been attracted by the large size of several national markets. Large Japanese trading houses have played a significant direct and indirect role in the international moves of Japanese retailers. China has become the major place of investment for Japanese retailers with 21 retail companies established by Japanese firms. The history of the internationalisation of Japanese retailing shows three phases of development. A first phase is characterised by department stores, a second phase is a slowing of activity in the late 1990s and a third phase of rapid expansion is presently evident. The key to the current phase is the establishment and strength of non-retail supply firms in the same East Asian region into which retailers wish to expand.     

Under-reporting of road traffic crash data in Ghana

Having reliable estimates of the shortfalls in road traffic crash data is an important prerequisite for setting more realistic targets for crash/casualty reduction programmes and for a better appreciation of the socio-economic significance of road traffic crashes. This study was carried out to establish realistic estimates of the overall shortfall (under-reporting) in the official crash statistics in Ghana over an eight-year period (1997–2004). Surveys were conducted at hospitals and among drivers to generate relevant alternative data which were then matched against records in police crash data files and the official database. Overall shortfalls came from two sources, namely, ‘non-reporting’ and ‘under-recording’. The results show that the level of non-reporting varied significantly with the severity of the crash from about 57% for property damage crashes through 8% for serious injury crashes to 0% for fatal crashes. Crashes involving cyclists and motorcyclists were also substantially non-reported. Under-recording on the other hand declined significantly over the period from an average of 37% in 1997–1998 to 27% in 2003–2004. Thus, the official statistics of road traffic crashes in Ghana are subject to significant shortfalls that need to be accounted for. Correction factors have therefore been suggested for adjusting the official data.     

基于当前我国建筑工程的风险管理

为了更好地适应社会经济建设,发展建筑业,文章探讨了建筑工程项目的风险管理,并从风险特征、因素以及管理措施等方面进行分析,完成风险控制。     

2010-2011年新疆地区医院业务收入影响因素分析

目的:探讨分析医院业务收入的影响因素。方法:对2010-2011年新疆地区医院门诊、住院收入变动建立因素指数体系,应用多因素分析法分析医院业务收入。结果:2011年较2010年,新疆地区医院业务收入增长较快速,业务收入主要通过出院人次增加所致。结论:医疗水平和服务质量提高较快,经济管理能力得到加强,应进一步降低药占比、缩短平均住院,合理用药,避免过度检查。     

试论按生产要素分配与加强宏观调控

随着经济体制改革的深入，市场机制已成为我国经济体制的主要调节机制。按生产要素分配是市场机制分配功能的直接体现。在这种分配方式大大提高经济效率的同时，也为我们带来了收入上的巨大差距，我们应该努力加强在收入分配领域的宏面调控，使广大人民走上共同富裕的道路。     

Individual Responsibility within Organizational Contexts

Actions within organizational contexts should be understood differently as compared with actions performed outside of such contexts. This is the case due to the agentic shift, as discussed by social psychologist Stanley Milgram, and the role that systemic factors play in shaping the available alternatives from which individuals acting within institutions choose. The analysis stemming from Milgram’s experiments suggests not simply that individuals temporarily abdicate their moral agency on occasion, but that there is an erosion of agency within organizations. The point about the erosion of agency is deepened in the discussion of a case study which illustrates the difficulty of identifying even the bare “ownership” of actions within organizations. While this is the case, explicating these reasons suggests that both individual actors and firms can bear ethical responsibility within organizational contexts. As part of the effort to present the whole picture, business ethics courses should introduce students to the relevant insights from social psychology and human factors research.     

“五方验收”在房屋建筑验收中的效力简

土地资源的日益稀缺和城市向外发展受限促进了台湾地区土地整备的发展。从运作主体、工作阶段、影响因素分析了台湾地区的土地整备，研究表明台湾的土地整备主体分别由政府部门、土地所有者和土地开发商三部分组成；工作阶段包括事先评估、实施土地整备和后续处理阶段；影响土地整备的因素有财务、技术、法律和其他四个因素。     

接轨上海自贸区背景下苏州国际物流服务能力影响因素实证分析

以苏州国际物流能力为实证考察对象,以全面绩效为衡量标准,从科学性、实用性和完整性的原则出发,探讨了苏州国际物流服务能力的影响因素,包括4个一级影响因素和17个二级影响因素。根据层次分析法对各级影响因素的影响程度进行规范分析,从而得出在接轨上海自贸区的情况下对苏州国际物流服务能力影响较大的因素,以期提升苏州国际物流服务能力。     

浅析组织行为效率的影响因素

管理学所要解决的问题就是如何提高组织效率,完成组织目标,减少不必要的消耗。在现实工作中,很多工作的完成需要在组织中进行缜密分工和配合,在这一过程中,影响组织行为效率的因素包括人的因素、组织目标因素、良好的工作习惯、制度的因素、领导的因素五个方面。提高组织行为效率就是要追求每一个影响组织行为效率的因素发挥出最大的效能和作用。