国际贸易中知识产权滥用的概念及判定标准分析——以美国判例、立法及TRIPS为背景

知识产权滥用的判定标准一直是一个极具争议的问题。美国相关判例及立法对于知识产权滥用的判定标准也是非常不确定的,目前在分析知识产权滥用时朝着融合反托拉斯法的标准上发展。TRIPS协议则对于国际贸易领域知识产权滥用做出了规定,我们可以合理地推导出它对于滥用的三项判定标准。在此基础上,本文提出国际贸易中的知识产权滥用应该是指在国际贸易中,拥有市场优势地位的知识产权人在行使其权利时故意超越法律所允许的范围或者正当的界限,限制或妨碍自由公平竞争,损害他人以及社会公共利益的不正当行为,为此提出了作为判定标准的四项构成要件。     

跨国外包对接包方技术创新能力的影响研究

文章借鉴Antraes(2005)中间品选择模型,结合跨国公司国际化生产的动态特征构建南北方国家之间中间品生产合作的模型,从北方国家技术转移与接包方技术吸收能力建设两个视角探索接包方发展创新能力的因素,提出外包项目动态升级情境下接包方获得的创新激励效应。在此基础上,论文通过回归分析模型检验外包生产对当地创新能力的影响,结论表明,各地承接外包的出口对当地创新活动有显著的正效应。     

高新技术产业研发投入对出口贸易的影响——基于中国电子行业的实证研究

本文利用2001-2007年的我国电子信息100强企业的统计数据,通过构建一个包括研究与发展经费、信息化投资的分析框架,实证检验了研究与发展经费、信息化投资对我国出口贸易产生的影响。揭示了我国电子信息企业的研发及信息化投资对我国出口贸易有显著正效应的结论,并在实证研究的基础上提出了相应的对策和建议。     

International ethnic entrepreneurship: Antecedents, outcomes and environmental context

The paper presents an overview of articles on international ethnic entrepreneurship between 1936 and 2009 from 32 journals published in SSCI using content analysis. The insights gained from the studies are used to make recommendations for future studies on international ethnic entrepreneurship. The most important findings of this study are the crucial effects of transnationalism, mixed-embeddedness and the interaction among social, human and financial capital on ethnic entrepreneurship.     

Coalition formation in international monetary policy games

This paper analyses coalition formation in monetary policy coordination games between n countries. We show that some but not all countries may join if the decision to be a member of the coalition is incentive-compatible for the individual country. Positive spillovers of the coalition formation process and the resulting free-rider problem limit the stable coalition size: since the coalition members are bound by the union’s discipline, an outsider can successfully export inflation without fearing that the insiders will try to do the same. These ‘gains from staying out’ arise even in the case of symmetric shocks.     

Convergence and divergence in consumer behavior: implications for international retailing

Converging technology and disappearing income differences across countries will not lead to homogenization of consumer behavior. Rather, consumer behavior will become more heterogeneous because of cultural differences. As consumer incomes converge across countries, the manifestation of value differences will become stronger. This phenomenon makes it increasingly important to understand values of national cultures and their impact on consumer behavior. Retailing strategies for one country cannot be extended to other countries without adaptation. Hofstede’s model of national culture is applied to understand differences in consumer behavior across countries. Examples are provided of consumption differences, their relationships with culture discussed, and selected implications for international retailing management detailed.     

Bank-Firm Relationships and International Banking Markets

This paper reviews how long-term relationships between firms and banks shape the structure and integration of banking markets worldwide. Bank relationships arise to span informational asymmetries that are endemic in financial markets. Firm-bank relationships not only entail specific benefits and costs for both the engaged firms and banks, but also directly affect the structure of banking markets. In particular, the sunk cost of screening and monitoring activities and the 'informational capital' collected by the incumbent banks may act as a barrier to entry. The intensity of the existing firm-bank relationships will determine the height of this barrier and shape the structure of international banking markets. For example, in Scandinavia where firms maintain few and strong relationships, foreign banks may only be able to enter successfully through mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, Southern European firms maintain many bank relationships. Therefore, banks may consider entering Southern European banking markets through direct investment.     

Assessing policy tools for encouraging farm afforestation in Ireland

To encourage Irish farmers to afforest agricultural land, a premium scheme supporting such planting was implemented in 1989 and afforestation targets outlined in 1996. In the period from 1996 to 2009, however, only half of the targeted area was planted although the income of many farmers would have improved on joining the scheme. A multi-method study was undertaken looking at farmers’ decision-making with regard to afforestation under the scheme. In this paper we focus on one particular element of the study, which is about identifying policy tools that best match farmers’ behaviour with regard to afforestation. Based on previous work, which we undertook on farmers’ goals and values with regard to afforestation and which was presented in this journal, a postal survey was designed and distributed in spring 2012 to farmers all over Ireland. The results indicate that the majority of those surveyed do not make their decision to afforest based on profit maximisation goals. Offering only an incentive tool – such as the current premium scheme – will not be sufficient to encourage those farmers to plant trees. Additionally capacity tools such as group plantings of neighbouring fields and symbolic tools such as information and PR- or image-building campaigns should be deployed to further encourage afforestation by farmers.     

Residual demand measures of market power of Russian wheat exporters

Traditionally, the international wheat market has been considered a good example of a market with perfect competition. Yet, several articles provide evidence of imperfect competition and price discrimination in the wheat trade. However, these studies focused on traditional high‐quality wheat exporters such as Canada and the United States. In contrast, this article investigates whether Russian wheat exporters exercise market power in eight selected importing countries using the residual demand elasticity (RDE) model. The article makes two major contributions. First, it focuses on a nontraditional exporter, who exports mainly wheat of mediocre quality to low‐ and middle‐income countries. Second, the RDE model is estimated for the first time using a nonlinear estimator, the instrumental variable Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood estimator. This is important because the double logarithmic functional form can provide biased results in the presence of heteroskedasticity. The results indicate that Russian wheat exporters can exercise market power in only a few markets, while they are price takers in the majority of importing countries.     

International research on vegetable improvement in East and Southern Africa: adoption,impact, and returns

There is a lack of evidence for impact at scale of vegetable research and development, although the importance of vegetables for human nutrition and smallholder incomes is generally understood. We therefore study adoption and impact of improved tomato and African eggplant varieties developed through international agricultural research, released by national agricultural research and extension systems, and supplied to farmers by private seed companies in East and Southern Africa from 1990 to 2014. The study finds that in 2014, varieties developed by the World Vegetable Center accounted for 50% of tomato and 98% of African eggplant commercial seed production in East and Southern Africa. For Tanzania alone, investment in crop improvement generated economic gains of US$ 255 million for tomato and US$ 5 million for African eggplant up to 2014. The internal rate of return is 26% for tomato and 12% for African eggplant, though we project the latter to increase to 26% by 2024 as the variety was released only in 2007. These findings support the view that agricultural policy and investment reoriented towards contemporary nutritional challenges will give high returns to investment.