Linking knowledge, entry timing and internationalization strategy

This paper contributes to the current internationalization theory by linking the characteristics of the firm's resource-base, its market-entry timing orientation and international growth orientation so as to shed more light on internationalization strategies. By employing multi-industry data, we find that the nature of the firm's knowledge, its entry timing orientation and international growth orientation are related to its internationalization strategy. Among other results, we find that the firm's accumulated expertise is positively related for both the international growth orientation and entry timing orientation. The international growth orientation, in turn, is related both to the path type of internationalization the firm employs as well as the geographical diversification in market entry. In other words, the results suggest that the firm's resource-base influences on both its entry timing orientation and to the internationalization strategy. These and other findings are discussed with regard to their scholarly and managerial implications.     

The role of relational capabilities in the organization of international sourcing activities: A literature review

Multinational companies (MNCs) establish subsidiaries in various countries, spreading the value chain internationally and fostering the involvement of external partners. The global supply network has become a major source of the total value generated by MNCs, which are pushed to develop “relational capabilities” to interact with their suppliers. The main objective of this article is to assess the current understanding in the academic literature of the intra-organisational dimension of relational capabilities, focussing on the adoption of internal mechanisms supporting international sourcing activities. A total of 47 articles are identified and assessed. The literature review shows that thus far fragmented and in some areas limited research has been conducted on the development of relational capabilities by MNCs within international sourcing activities. Research efforts have been placed mainly on the examination of organisational units active in international sourcing and on control and management processes, while less attention has been paid to knowledge management solutions.     

Grafting, metham sodium, soil solarization and virtually impermeable films as alternative technologies to methyl bromide for Chinese protected tomatoes

In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）, experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city （Shandong Province, China） during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock （Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum）, metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock （Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum） introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.     

国际反倾销报复表象分析

文章先从国际反倾销国别分布的总体情况出发分辨出可能存在反倾销报复行为的国家和地区,然后利用两两国家或地区之间的反倾销数据,以绝对数量、相对数量和实施最终措施比率三个指标来判断主要国家和地区之间的反倾销报复行为。分析表明,国际反倾销存在报复表象,这在印度、美国和欧盟等9个国际反倾销的主要国家和地区中得到较显著的反映。但总的来看,国际反倾销还只是存在一定程度且范围不太大的报复表象。     

参与式预算:地方政府预算制度改革模式研究

文章探讨了参与式预算的发展及其实施与推广的基本原则、过程、所参与的项目、所取得的成就与局限等国际经验,指出了在中国地方预算管理制度中持续推行参与式预算需要关注的几个问题。     

日本政府促进中小企业参与国际竞争的政策及启示

在对日实地考察的基础上,首先从历史的视角分析日本经济发展中的中小企业对国际竞争的参与,之后对日本促进中小企业参与国际竞争的主要政策进行了总结。最后,结合日本的经验教训,从政策的出台和落实等方面提出建议。     

北京流通软实力的国际比较研究

本文首先将软实力的概念引入流通产业，界定了流通软实力的概念和内涵。接着选取了纽约、巴黎、东京和伦敦四个城市，从七个方面通过不同的指标数据与北京流通软实力进行比较，通过比较结果可以看到北京与上述四个城市还有一定的距离，最后结合流通软实力的内涵，提出提升北京流通软实力的对策。     

International reserves and global interest rates

In this paper we study the relationship between foreign currency international reserve holdings and global interest rates. To guide empirical work we solve a simple, small open-economy model with money, where the central bank manages international reserves to smooth inflation over time. This model shows that changes in interest rates are positively related to the target level of reserves. As a consequence interest rate hikes increase reserve transfers, defined as the change in international reserves net of the interest earned on reserves. Using quarterly data for 75 countries between 2000 and 2013, we document a positive relationship between interest-rate changes and reserve transfers as a share of GDP, that is consistent with the model.     

Experience,age and exporting performance in UK SMEs

We consider the determinants of SME exporting performance using a survey of internationally engaged UK SMEs. We first develop a model incorporating organisational and prior managerial learning effects. Our empirical analysis then allows us to identify separately the positive effects on exporting from the international experience of the firm and the negative effects of firm age. Positive exporting effects also result from grafted knowledge – acquired by the recruitment of management with prior international experience. Innovation also has positive exporting effects with more radical new-to-the-industry innovation most strongly linked to inter-regional exports; new-to-the-firm innovation is more strongly linked to intra-regional trade. Early internationalisation is also linked positively to the number of countries to which firms export and the intensity of their export activity. We find no evidence, however, relating early internationalisation to extra-regional exporting, suggesting that early-exporting SMEs tend be ‘born regional’ rather than ‘born global’.     

经济全球化与中国崛起的国际环境

在经济全球化的今天,中国崛起的国际环境面临着传染病、恐怖主义、水资源、能源、规则的制定等许多问题的严重挑战。当今的世界对规则高度依赖,国家之间的博弈,最重要的是规则。中美关系是中国最重要的外交关系。大国因素、能很好容纳分工、巨大的发展潜力等有利因素将很好地支持中国的经济崛起。