环境库兹涅茨曲线假说检验研究进展与展望

[目的]EKC曲线描述的是生态环境质量随着经济增长呈现先恶化后改善的趋势,即存在倒“U”型关系。为了了解EKC假设检验目前研究现状与存在的主要问题,深入探讨未来研究重点和方向。[方法]系统梳理经济发展对生态环境质量影响的EKC假说检验文献,以期丰富EKC检验的理论基础,进一步促进经济、生态环境健康持续发展。[结果]各种污染物指标与人均GDP间呈现出倒“U”型、正“U”型、倒“N”型、线型(或“~”型)等多种关系。[结论]未来研究重点和方向是:(1)研究形成EKC曲线背后的作用机理;(2)合理构建反映整体生态环境质量综合指标及影响经济发展的多因素指标;(3)合理构建经济发展与生态环境相互作用的理论模型,并在研究中引入综合方法;运用空间计量模型实证检验EKC假说;(4)国内对小城镇和欠发达地区经济发展对生态环境影响的EKC假说检验。     

Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis on land use: The case of Romania

The aim of the present study is to test empirically the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 42 Romanian counties over the 2000-2014 period. Specifically, we investigate the existence of an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between residential built-up land and economic development in a low-income EU country undergoing rapid and profound transition. We do so by making innovative use of spatial panel econometric techniques. Contrary to our expectations, the results indicate an inverted EKC, implying that higher levels of residential built-up area occur for higher levels of wealth. Moreover, we find that the built-up land in Romania mainly reflects processes of urban expansion, such as sprawl or suburbanization, that may have harmful environmental and social consequences. Spatial spill-overs in terms of built-up land arise and spread, albeit to a limited extent, to neighbouring locations. These findings are of potential significance for policy makers, because they highlight the need for coordination among neighbours. Furthermore, strengthening the institutional framework and local tax management, and planning urban regeneration better could curb and even reverse the extensive built-up land expansion and real estate speculation.     

中国居民收入差距的演变——基于金融深化视角的实证研究

本文利用我国1952年-2005年的时间序列数据,对中国金融发展与收入差距的关系进行分析。在控制了其他因素后,我们得出结论：（1）中国居民收入差距与金融深化进程遵循倒“U”曲线的演化路径;（2）我国金融深化与收入差距之间存在着扩大的库兹涅茨效应。随着金融发展和现代部门在经济中比重的提高,政府在利用金融体系调控经济中的政策倾向在一定程度上诱导了这一现象的发生;预计我国居民收入差距呈扩大趋势并将延续一段时期。     

Income Inequality,Growth, and the Enlargement of the European Union

This study investigates the relation between income inequality and economic growth, namely, the Kuznets curve, in the context of EU enlargement. The results have implications regarding how the latest enlargement of the European Union affects the relationship between income inequality and growth, for both EU member countries and the European Union as a region. Estimation results show that there is no evidence of a significant original or reverse Kuznets curve for any of the groups of countries in this study. Therefore, empirical results suggest that the latest enlargement, and a possible future accession of the candidates, may not change the fact that a Kuznets curve does not exist for the European Union.     

Does Financial Development Affect Environmental Degradation? Evidence from the OECD Countries

In this study, building a simple model that incorporates static and dynamic elements, the relationship of financial development and economic growth to environmental degradation is investigated together with the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Our analysis is based on an unbalanced panel data set covering the OECD countries over the period 1970–2014. Our approach thoroughly accounts for the presence of cross‐sectional dependence between the sample variables and utilizes second generation panel unit root tests in order to investigate possible cointegration relationships. The empirical findings do indicate that local (NO_x per capita emissions) and global (CO₂ per capita emissions) pollutants redefine the EKC hypothesis when we account for the presence of financial development indicators. Specifically, in the case of global pollution an N‐shape relationship is evident in both static and dynamic frameworks, with a very slow adjustment. Lastly, our study calls for a strengthening of the effectiveness of environmental degradation policies by ensuring sustainability of the OECD banking system in order to drastically reduce emissions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics,market selections and entry modes

We examine the historical developments of the environmental adaptation process at one Swedish metal smelting firm, contrasting the result with cases in Canada. The findings suggest that the Swedish system in excluding stakeholders, focusing on plant emissions and stipulating pollution reduction at economically feasible costs mitigated risk which resulted in long-term contracts in a cooperative framework in which engineers were given a high degree of discretion. This enabled an ‘expansion-for-emission-reduction’ strategy which is consistent with the so-called Porter and van der Linde hypothesis. Moreover, the findings suggest that environmental management systems should be considered in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) research.     

西江流域广西段经济增长与水环境污染关系研究

本文以环境库兹涅茨曲线为理论基础,利用西江流域广西段1997—2012年经济和水环境污染因子的变化数据,选取典型水环境污染因子,建立表现水环境整体质量的环境综合指标体系,分析模拟西江流域广西段经济增长与水环境之间的关系。结果表明,西江流域广西段经济和水环境之间的关系具有环境库兹涅茨曲线的特征。目前,该区域水环境质量与经济发展之间的关系处于相对协调阶段。为了实现环境与经济的"双赢",西江流域广西段仍需要调整产业结构,落实环境政策,加强环保教育与宣传。     

新常态下高效生态经济发展方式的实证研究

着眼于经济发展新常态的要求与标准,通过“环境库兹涅茨曲线”（EKC）的实证研究,判断我国环境与经济发展之间的关系,为新常态下经济发展方式转变提供了必要的理论动机。黄河三角洲高效生态经济区设立以来,对经济区域发展功能化、产业结构生态化、增长动力内生化、经济运转高效化的路径及模式价值进行了有益探索。同时,对其实践成果进行归纳和统计分析,探求新常态下转变经济发展方式的规律,验证指导和推进实践的有效性。     

Does energy substitution affect carbon dioxide emissions – Income relationship?

Considerable discussion has taken place during the last decade regarding the role of economic growth in determining environmental quality. Using data from 30 OECD countries for the period 1960–2003 and the nonparametric method of generalized additive models, which enables us to use flexible functional forms, this paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for carbon dioxide (CO₂). We find that the reduction of coal share in energy use has a significant effect on CO₂. Our results imply that economic growth is not sufficient to decrease CO₂ emissions.     

关于环境库兹涅茨曲线演替轨迹分析——以陕西为例

利用陕西省1985～2006年间的数据分析人均收入与环境质量之间的关系，以期探索影响陕西环境库茨涅茨曲线演替轨迹的深层次原因。分析发现：经济转轨的背景下，与陕西比较优势不相符的产业结构、所有制结构的异常变动对陕西工业“三废”的拟合曲线产生重要影响。实证检验结果的分析并不支持有别于传统EKC曲线的新型曲线是可能存在的。