论马克思技术观的生态之维

面对当今的生态危机,一些人士指责马克思的思想是技术决定论,缺失生态学的考量,这是对马克思的曲解.马克思从技术的观念形式、实物形式和关系形式三个层面来把握技术,并把技术和生产力、社会关系、自然有机地联系起来加以研究.技术不仅能推动生产力发展,而且技术是联结人与自然的中介和桥梁,它具有生态价值,同时也会带来生态问题.要提高技术的生态效率,使技术朝着生态良好的方向发展,有赖于选择一个合理的社会制度.     

Integrating public demands into model-based design for multifunctional agriculture: An application to intensive Dutch dairy landscapes

The contribution of agriculture to the welfare of society is determined by its economic, social and environmental performance. Although theoretical discussions can be found in the literature, few reports exist that integrate the social demand for multifunctional agriculture in the evaluation of the sustainability and the global welfare of society. This paper presents a methodology that combines economic valuation, integrated modelling, stakeholder analysis, and multi-criteria evaluation. It consists of three steps to determine: (1) social demands for multifunctional agriculture; (2) feasible technical alternatives available from the supply part of the market; (3) the net utility of alternatives for society measured as the change in social net benefit, i.e. the sum of changes compared to the current situation expressed in utility of market and non-market net benefits. Market net benefits are represented by their monetary value. Quality Function Deployment combined with Analytic Network Process (QFD/ANP) were used to estimate the non-market net benefits. The methodology is applied to the case study of a dairy-farming based agricultural landscape in the Northern Friesian Woodlands, The Netherlands. Social net benefit depended on land use, i.e. pasture management regimes on each of the agricultural fields and on presence or absence of hedgerows around the fields. Changes in market net utility were expressed in terms of changes for farmers, consumers and government. Changes in non-market net utility were expressed in terms of changes in landscape quality, nature value and environmental health for Dutch society as a whole, as estimated from European public surveys (Eurobarometer). The complete solution space defined by the market and non-market net benefits of landscapes with alternative patterns of land use was estimated to offer insight in the trade-off between market and non-market performance and enable selection of ‘icon’ landscapes to target or avoid. Improvement of the current landscape towards the social optimum would involve changes in pasture management resulting in higher gross margin for farmers, slightly relaxing current environmental restrictions, which could be reached at lower levels of subsidies in agri-environmental programs. In addition to such overall optimum the results demonstrate the trade-off between market and non-market benefits and the characteristics of current, utopian and dystopian landscapes. The approach provides an alternative to current economic valuation methods which focus on assessment of economic value as an input to analysis. Here, economic value emerges as the trade-off between market and non-market functions which is an output of the analysis.     

Mining landscape: A cultural tourist opportunity or an environmental problem?: The study case of the Cartagena-La Unión Mining District (SE Spain)

Abandoned industrial sites have traditionally constituted an important source of environmental problems. However, such sites are considered in many cases a historic heritage, and in this way, have been protected with different legal dispositions. Mining activities can be considered a special type of industrial site in that they encompass not only architectural but also landscape elements related to geology or topography. The necessity of developing new economic opportunities in these places, whose economy has been traditionally based on the “mining monoculture”, has resulted in the creation of a cultural revival in some mining sites. Nevertheless, these new economic potentials must be compatible with the obligation to maintain a low environmental risk in sites where the heavy metal concentrations are very high. The Cartagena-La Unión Mining District in Southern Spain is an example of such a case. This paper reviews the environmental situation in that area and the initiatives for establishing a cultural tourism. The goal of this paper is to incite the public debate about the balance between environmental risks, cultural safeguarding and economic development.     

论产业生态化理论面临的困境及其目标的实现

马克思提出,劳动过程首先是人与自然之间的物质变换过程.本文通过对产业生态化的本质及其产生的时代背景进行探讨,进一步回顾产业生态化理论的渊源及其发展过程,指出目前以产业生态学为代表的产业生态化理论面临的挑战,最后对实现我国产业生态化进行思考.     

区域人口复合生态系统生态位评价

人类社会是一类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,它所提供给人们的或可被人们利用的各种生态因子和各种生态关系的总体集合可以定义为区域人口复合生态系统生态位.研究在借鉴可持续发展和宜居城市等评价方法的基础之上建立了一套区域人口复合生态系统生态位评价的指标体系及评价方法.并对全国31个省、自治区、直辖市的区域人口复合生态系统生态位做出了定量评价.     

田园·生态·城乡绿化融合发展——以许昌城乡统筹发展推进区生态绿地系统规划为例

在城乡一体化发展的新阶段,按照统筹城乡发展和社会主义新农村建设的战略部署,许昌市城乡统筹发展推进区生态绿地系统规划坚持区域整体发展、可持续发展、田园城市等的规划理念,按照<许昌市城乡统筹发展推进区总体规划>所确定的组团式空间布局和紧凑型节点走廊发展模式,以双向思维的方式,充分利用本土景观空间形态,以农田、河流、花木基地等生态因子为组成要素,对各类资源加以保护、开发,构成城乡空间的绿心、绿带、绿道,形成绿色生态网络,与许昌市中心城区、长葛市区一起,形成连续的连接城乡、形态丰富、功能互补、有机融合的城乡生态绿地系统.在区域层次上进行大地园林化探索,为城市化发展新时期的城乡绿色空间规划建设进行有益的尝试.     

城市化进程中新农村建筑景观的更新与发展研究

随着农村城市化的进程,农村居民对居住环境有了更高的要求,许多传统民居建筑在功能上已不能完全适应现代生活的需要,然而在新农村建设过程中富于个性特色的农村景观也在遭到不同程度的忽视,甚至对农村景观产生破坏作用.本文重点探讨农村物质空间和人文空间的变动,如何使文脉得以延续重新建构,在改造和发展新农村中取得新旧和谐,创造宜人的具有农村空间特色的环境景观.     

The impact of collaboration on research about rural buildings and landscape: A case study in Italy

The importance of collaboration among peers in science is widely investigated: an essential issue is the relevance of credits shared among scholars for the good faith and cooperation in research projects. Despite its significance, so far in Italy the usefulness of collaboration in research activities is not taken in due consideration by both scientific community and research assessment bodies. In this study, the main aim is at investigating the actual up today extent of scientific collaboration among colleagues belonging to the Italian Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SDS) “AGR10 Rural buildings and agro-forest land planning”. We focus on research projects dealing with territory, landscape and rural buildings with the scope of raising consciousness on the key role of collaboration with other SDSs, international institutions or organizations. We harvested data through an on-line questionnaire about several research projects, scrutinized the responses, and found that the core area of current research developed by AGR10 colleagues includes topics concerning the analysis and planning of landscape. Furthermore, we found that the design of international project proposals attains mostly rural buildings and rural heritage analysis, reuse and enhancement, rural buildings and landscape integration, and rural buildings design. While the size of partnerships on international research activities is still limited, as for external synergies the SDS AGR01 ‘Agricultural Economics and Rural Appraisal’ is the most representative, and other SDSs involving ‘Ecology’ and ‘Informatics’ deserve to be mentioned. So, this study has been designed with the secondary aim of stimulating Italian -as well as other international- scientific communities in promoting similar investigations concerning the importance of collaboration and cross-fertilization for successful research activities. As a major output, official national or international research assessment authorities would be provided by a method for better appreciating the usefulness of collaboration and interdisciplinarity.     

The Scops owl (Otus scops) under human-induced environmental change pressure

Biodiversity is declining across Europe. Modern agricultural practices, habitat fragmentation, land abandonment and climate change are key factors causing current trends in environmental change. Mobile organisms such as raptors, positioned high in the food chain, are good indicators of negative or positive landscape dynamics, since their response is fast. This assumption was tested by investigating the Scops Owl (Otus scops) population in a traditional Central European cultural landscape (Goričko Nature Park [GNP]) in Slovenia. The negative trend in male calling Scops Owls was correlated with static and dynamic environmental change variables derived from remotely sensed or field-based, multi-temporal data sources. Key geospatial predictors were identified and used for bird calling and breeding (C&B) suitability modelling. All geospatial models developed predicted a decline in C&B suitability (even by 33%) in almost all areas where the bird is currently active. However, the NE part of the GNP could achieve better C&B conditions for theScops Owl in the coming years (a potential 36% increase in suitability). Predictions indicate that more effort and action, to conserve the Scops Owl in the study area should be implemented in the N, NE and E part of the hilly GNP. Our results are thus highly applicable not just for decision makers in this protected area but rather in all areas across the Scops Owl’s continental population, since the methodology is easily replicable and transferable.     

Integrated landscape approaches in the tropics: A brief stock-take

Continued overexploitation of natural resources and the associated impacts of climate change threaten the sustainability and biodiversity of our global social-ecological systems. ‘Integrated landscape approaches’ are governance strategies that attempt to reconcile multiple and conflicting land-use claims to harmonize the needs of people and the environment and establish more sustainable and equitable multi-functional landscapes. Such approaches have gained prominence in recent conservation and development discourse, but critics have suggested a need for evidence of effectiveness to bridge knowledge-implementation gaps. Here we review the recent literature to provide a brief update on developments in the science and practice of landscape approaches, primarily in the tropics. We show that despite considerable enthusiasm for landscape approaches, the evidence base within the scientific literature remains poorly developed. Future application of landscape approaches requires concerted transdisciplinary actions that connect scales of governance to address the complex political economies in contested tropical landscapes. We highlight important challenges and opportunities for landscape approach implementation, particularly related to bridging sectorial and disciplinary divides, engaging the private sector, and monitoring landscape performance.