数字地面模型新进展：TIN2.0、3D表面塑型线和自由形态建模工具

竖向设计是人类在景观中进行的基本活动。人类对室外空间的任何干预都涉及对地表形态的设计。在过去的几十年中,数字设计的发展不仅改变了表现的方法,而且改变了设计的过程。就地形建模而言,该技术实现了三维可视化和任务自动化,例如土方计算和自动产生横截面。但在重点考察最新的建筑信息模型(BIM)如何应用和实施这项技术时,不难发现地形建模过程并没有充分利用技术带来的潜在优势。实际上,三维建模工具、基于组件的建模和分析、设计验证,以及协同设计是可以集成到数字地面模型中的。识别了现有数字建模解决方案中的主要缺陷并为其进一步发展提供机会,提出了一项整合性的数字地面模型建模过程,该过程引入了TIN2.0曲面,对现有的TIN曲面进行了升级,允许在同一曲面中同时存在规则三角网和不规则三角网,并开发了一套基于三维线和自由形态设计工具的建模工具,推动风景园林信息模型框架的发展以满足风景园林师及其他专业人士,如建筑师和土木工程师进行地形建模的需求。通过案例研究对提出的建模过程进行了测试和验证。结果表明,生成的数字曲面具有较高精度,可以具象地表现地形,允许设计过程在三维线或自由形态设计工具的基础上进行。所有地形建模均在三维数字模型上进行     

Dynamic land use and land cover changes and their effect on forest resources in a coastal village of Matemwe,Zanzibar, Tanzania

Recent land cover change estimates show overall decline of tropical forests at the regional and global scales caused by multiple social, cultural and economic factors. There is an overall concern on the prevailing land use practices, such as shifting cultivation and extraction of forest materials as agents of forests losses, but also new, emerging land uses are threatening tropical forests. Understanding of the long-term development and driving forces of forest changes are needed, especially at local levels where many decisions on forest policies and land uses are made. This paper addresses the importance of such information for improved estimates of forest dynamics by studying local level land cover and land use changes during the last 50–70 years in the Eastern African tropical island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. The paper discusses the role of traditional and new land uses mainly subsistence farming, tourism and government interference through tree planting, in the long-term development of the forests at the village level. The material for the study is gathered from the interpretation of archival maps and aerial photographs combined with contemporary digital aerial photographs. The analyses are based on the mapping, spatial sampling and spatio-temporal change trajectory analysis (LCTA) of forest land cover, forest land uses and settlement patterns with GIS and statistics. Six distinct forest land cover change trajectories were identified and these illustrate dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the forests. Closed forest cover has dominated throughout due to cyclical land use patterns, but over 70% of the land area has been continuously transforming between closed, semi-open and open land cover conditions. Land use turnover rates indicate that hardly any forest areas are left untouched from the forces, which remove and re-establish forest vegetation in the long run. Land cover and land use change trajectories are spatially fragmented in the studied landscape. Majority of forest loss-gain dynamics is caused by shifting cultivation, while forest losses are most dramatic along the coast, where traditional and new land uses meet and land uses pressures are highest. The study suggests that landscape change trajectory analyses, where contemporary and historical information on land uses and land cover changes are spatially linked, can provide valuable aspects into local level forest land use planning and management strategies. For the case study, the findings suggest the following key forest management strategies for consideration: (1) establishment of a protected forest/scrubland in participation with the local stakeholders, especially the farmers, (2) promotion of areas for permanent agricultural practices, while simultaneously introducing management controls in the traditional slash-and-burn farming areas, and (3) promoting new livelihood opportunities for the farmers, who have traditionally been dependent on forest resources, meanwhile introducing alternatives for fuel wood for cooking.     

循环经济对产业集群生态化转型的启示与路径分析

产业集群对环境资源所带来的负面影响成为产业集群发展的重大障碍。如何利用循环经济推进产业集群的生态化转型是解决当前经济危机的重要途径,本文就利用循环经济促进集群转型提出了具体实施策略。     

Is there a forest transition outside forests? Trajectories of farm trees and effects on ecosystem services in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany

Most industrial countries have experienced a transformation of land use: from decreasing to expanding forest areas, the so-called forest transition. Outside closed forests, European rural landscapes exhibit a diversity of tree-based agricultural systems, but the question of whether this forest transition has also affected ‘trees outside forests’ has rarely been studied. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of farm trees and woodlands in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany from 1964 to 2008, based on aerial photographs and digital orthophotos. Taking a landscape ecological perspective, we quantify farm tree dynamics, disentangle processes of gain and loss in the socialist and post-socialist periods of Eastern Germany, and assess differences in ecosystem services provided by farm trees. A substantial increase of overall tree cover by 24.8% was observed for the selected time period, but trajectories have been disparate across different farm tree classes. The increase in tree cover was stronger in steep valleys than on hills and plateaus, indicating a significant interdependence between topography and trajectories of change. Patch numbers of farm trees did not increase, which suggests that the expansion of tree cover is mostly due to a spatial expansion of previously existing tree patches. Overall net gains in tree cover were rather similar during the socialist and post-socialist eras. The general increase in tree cover was accompanied by increase in agriculture-related ecosystem service provision, but the increase in pollination and pest control services was much lower than that in water purification services. These findings present the first empirical evidence from an industrialized country that there is also an ongoing ‘forest transition’ outside closed forests. Potential, partially counteracting drivers of change during the socialist and post-socialist periods have mainly been related to farm policies and the environmental consciousness of land users and society as a whole.     

城市道路绿地的生态安全设计初探

城市道路绿地作为城市园林绿地的一部分,对改善城市生态环境起着很大的作用,是城市生态系统的有机组成部分。综述道路绿地对城市整体环境的影响与联系的基础上,提出了生态园林与生态安全园林的概念,总结了城市道路绿地的功能及生态作用,从植物景观、开放空间、种群多样性、可持续设计几方面论述了城市道路绿地生态安全设计的方法,并提出相应对策。生态安全园林的建设是城市生态安全建设的重点,也是城市发展的必然,这不仅是人类社会的需求,也是设计者的社会责任的充分体现。     

托克托县生态退耕探析

应用农业系统工程理论，以定性分析与定量研究相结合的方法，对内蒙古托克托县生态退耕工程进行分析，研究农业生态环境的现状，探讨农业可持续发展的途径，对该县农村经济的稳步发展将提供必要的参考。     

Outdoor recreation in various landscapes: Which site characteristics really matter?

This paper investigates the role played by different site characteristics in influencing people's choice of outdoor recreation destinations. Contrary to prior studies, our experiment accounts for a large diversity of eligible landscapes described using photomontages. We use a discrete choice experiment (DCE) proposing respondents to choose among hypothetical destinations described in terms of eight site characteristics. We study the trade-offs made by various profiles of respondents among those site characteristics, resulting in different destination choices. The DCE attributes are spatially explicit to represent recreational patterns in the form of site quality maps using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We conclude by stressing implications of this research for tourism and land management policy-making in peri-urban environments. Interestingly, preferences for site characteristics vary significantly with the recreational activities that respondents engage in. Hikers and cyclists preferences should be particularly considered in future planning decisions.     

从生态规划到景观城市主义

景观城市主义是诞生于上世纪90年代的一种思想和实践,它继承了生态规划思想,又对其进行了进一步发展。本文从景观城市主义与生态规划一脉相承的关系入手,分析了景观城市主义产生的背景、理论基础,探讨了景观城市主义的理论研究与实践发展,其对生态规划的继承与发展以及对我国城市建设规划的指导意义。     

Factors influencing food and beverage employees’ career success: A contextual perspective

This study explored the important influential factors of Food and Beverage employees’ career success in international tourist hotels and identified relationships among these factors from contextual perspectives. Data was obtained from a sample of 481 respondents drawn from 22 international tourist hotels in Taiwan and analyzed with the AMOS program. The structural equation modeling results showed that multiple contexts influenced the career success of F&B employees in international tourist hotels, such as the Micro-System, the Meso-System, including organizational psychological factors, the Exo-System, and the Macro System contexts. In particular, the Exo-System context was the most direct influential factor for career success.