居民参与农村社区治理主动性行为的影响因素研究*——基于雅安市465位农村社区居民的调查

［目的］探讨影响农村社区居民参与社区主动性行为的主要影响因素,提高农村居民参与社区治理的主动性水平,提高村规民约在乡村治理中的法制作用,强化德治对村庄的价值引领,避免村规民约成为一种形式化的规定。［方法］基于强互惠理论将社区居民分为强互惠者、合作和以及自私者,并通过Fogg行为模型理论构建了雅安市农村社区居民参与社区主动性的影响因素指标体系,采用逐步多元回归分析分别列出社区内强互惠者、合作者以及自私者的影响因素方程。［结果］（1）居民的行为动机、行为能力以及行为触发与其强互惠者、合作和以及自私者主动参与行为亦有显著的正相关。（2）居民作为强互惠者或者合作者,都主要受到行为动机因素影响。（3）居民作为合作者,行为触发影响程度和行为动机一样,外界的刺激、辅助以及信号是其发生主动性行为的关键因素。（4）居民作为自私者,行为能力影响程度远远高于其他两个因素,自私者的主动性行为着重于自身是否有能力去参与。［结论］构建强互惠者认可机制、增强合作者责任感、构建与合作者良好互动关系、多方位引导自私者参与社区治理。     

浙江省对外贸易与经济增长关系的协整分析

近几年来,浙江对外贸易增速全国领先,规模位居全国前列,贸易顺差更是连续多年名列全国第一。浙江对外贸易的快速发展对推动经济增长起到了十分重要的作用。本文根据协整理论,利用浙江省1981-2003年统计数据,对浙江对外贸易和经济增长的关系进行了实证分析。实证结果表明:从长期看,浙江经济增长与出口、进口、消费、投资之间存在着长期稳定的关系,出口、消费和投资明显促进了经济增长,而进口对经济增长影响并不显著。从短期看,出口和进口共同对经济增长起促进作用。本文最后从宏观、中观和微观三个层面提出浙江对外贸易实现可持续发展的对策建议。     

江苏省专利产出与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于技术经济学的时间序列分析

基于技术经济学的理论模型,运用单位根检验,协整分析和格兰杰因果检验方法,对江苏省专利产出与经济增长进行了实证研究,以1985—2010的江苏省统计年鉴为数据基础,发现两者存在长期均衡关系和格兰杰因果关系,并建立了动态互动的关系,研究结论可以为江苏省制定和实施"十二五"科技发展规划提供参考,也为其它省市地区依靠科技发展促进经济增长,提供宝贵的经验和明确的标杆。     

基于线性优化模型的土地利用结构优化研究——以六安市为例

线性优化模型方法是一种在具有确定目标又有一定约束限制条件下,从所有可能的选择方案中寻找最优方案的模型方法,是应用于土地利用结构优化的方法。本研究以六安市为例,通过运用线性优化模型分析六安市2014年土地利用现状和2015-2020年期间社会经济发展趋势,并且对主要的社会经济指标作了预测,在此基础上提出了优化的土地利用结构是六安市2015-2020年土地利用战略与目标的直接表达。研究结果表明,2020年优化的土地利用结构中,农村居民点用地有较大减少,因此可以预见,"十三五"期间,六安市国土资源管理重点是推进农村居民点整治,释放潜力,以补充耕地面积及为城镇扩张置换指标;并且有计划的科学指导农业产业结构调整,增加园地与林地面积。     

安徽省金融发展与经济增长的因果方向性实证研究

本文基于1978-2008年时间序列,利用协整与格兰杰(Cranger)因果关系检验方法,采用金融发展规模、效率以及股票市场规模等指标,研究了安徽省金融发展与经济增长之间的因果方向性问题.结论是:安徽金融规模的扩张与经济增长存在双向因果关系;金融发展效率是经济增长的原因.但反过来,经济增长并没有促进金融发展效率的提高;股票市场的发展与经济增长不存在格兰杰因果关系.     

中国开征碳税对价格、福利及公平影响的测度

本文利用投入产出和线性需求模型分析了碳税的价格影响、福利成本以及再分配效应。征税导致占中低收入居民支出比重较大的基本消费品价格大幅上涨,如电热水气、房屋、公共交通、食品等;从等价性变化、补偿性变化的角度看,城镇居民的福利损失随收入降低而上升,而农村居民中中等收入家庭损失最大;Atkinson公平指数显示碳税前后贫富差距有所扩大。因此,碳税具有一定累退性。但是,碳税边际福利成本及其收入差距影响并不大,因此政府可以通过转移支付手段缓解其负面冲击。     

排污收费政策的成效分析——基于浙江省的实证分析

排污收费是我国政府为环保治污所采取的一项主要环境政策。本文依据浙江省1994-2010年相关环境数据,对排污收费在降低能耗、抑制工业废水及废气排放等方面的政策效应进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,浙江省排污收费与单位GDP能耗、单位GDP废水排放量之间存在长期负相关性,与单位GDP废气排放量不存在长期均衡关系。为使排污收费政策充分发挥作用,指出应着重对其征收标准、范围、及监管等方面进行改进和完善。     

Decomposing excess commuting: a Monte Carlo simulation approach

Excess or wasteful commuting is measured as the proportion of actual commute that is over minimum (optimal) commute when assuming that people could freely swap their homes and jobs in a city. Studies usually rely on survey data to define actual commute, and measure the optimal commute at an aggregate zonal level by Linear Programming (LP). Travel time from a survey could include reporting errors and respondents might not be representative of the areas they reside; and the derived optimal commute at an aggregate areal level is also subject to the zonal effect. Both may bias the estimate of excess commuting. Based on the 2006–2010 Census for Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) data in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, this research uses a Monte Carlo approach to simulate individual resident workers and individual jobs within census tracts, estimate commute distance and time from journey-to-work trips, and define the optimal commute based on simulated individual locations. Findings indicate that both reporting errors and the use of aggregate zonal data contribute to miscalculation of excess commuting.     

Bayesian Nash equilibrium and variational inequalities

This paper provides a sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium by regarding it as a solution of a variational inequality. The payoff gradient of a game is defined as a vector whose component is a partial derivative of each player’s payoff function with respect to the player’s own action. If the Jacobian matrix of the payoff gradient is negative definite for each state, then a Bayesian Nash equilibrium is unique. This result unifies and generalizes the uniqueness of an equilibrium in a complete information game by Rosen (1965) and that in a team by Radner (1962). In a Bayesian game played on a network, the Jacobian matrix of the payoff gradient coincides with the weighted adjacency matrix of the underlying graph.     

Measuring the substitution effects between High Speed Rail and air transport in Spain

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact that the expansion of the HSR network has had on air transport in Spain by estimating the substitution effect between the two types of transportation. This paper considers the way that the HSR network has grown and how this growth could have affected air transport dynamically. The findings show that a dynamic vision of this substitution rate should be adopted, as opposed to assuming that the rate is constant, as has been the case in previous references. Although the rate varies significantly over the study period, only 13.9% of HSR passenger demand was found to have come from air travel during the 1999–2012 period, meaning that HSR and airlines would seem to offer more independent services than at first it might appear. This confirms the hypothesis as to the HSR’s great ability to generate its own demand. The substitution rate between the two transport modes seems to be closely linked to the way that any new stations are incorporated into the HSR network. Convergence between the seasonality of HSR and air transport has also been examined. The results show that it is difficult to talk of a real HSR transport network in Spain.