基于低碳经济理念的现代城市规划转向研究

低碳城市规划是应对全球气候异常的重要手段,也是新时期城市规划学科发展的战略转向.现代城市规划理论研究从工具理性向自由理性转变,在低碳经济理念、精明增长和生态理念的指导下,低碳导向已经扩展至城市规划建设的各个领域.低碳城市规划转向的理论体系构建,为规划的编制、实施、评估与管理提供了基础.     

Declining sectors and strategies within the area of human resources: a case study from Spain

Based upon the existing theoretical framework, empirical research on successful generic strategies has resulted in various recommendations for strategic management in declining sectors. However, these studies do not consider (aspects of) strategy implementation, and thus ignore the importance of aspects of the implementation for the ultimate success of the proposed strategy. Consequently, it is difficult to uncover some important factors that contribute to the success or failure of the proposed strategies. One such factor is the congruence between the generic 'decline strategy' and its concurrent social strategy. Although some theoretical proposals on this congruency exist, empirical studies on this topic are lacking.

Given the exploratory, 'real-life' and process nature of the study, the case-study method is used. This allows us to establish a dialectic relationship between the theoretical proposals available and the empirical observations. The company that is studied is a Spanish state-owned shipyard. Following a brief analysis of the sector and its specific characteristics of decline, the evolving congruence between the generic and social strategies within the company is analysed. Basically, the study focuses on the process of continuously adjusting and balancing the two types of strategies. Also, the resulting implementation issues and difficulties are assessed. Conclusions are based on the permanent comparison and confrontation of field data and theoretical insights.     

Manager's occupational stress in state-owned and private enterprises in the People's Republic of China

Privatization that has taken place in the People's Republic of China has brought about improved profitability and effectiveness of enterprises. However, it is not known whether employees' occupational stressors and strains in private enterprises would differ from those in state-owned enterprises. This study aims to examine the major sources of manager's occupational stress in private and state-owned enterprises, and comparing the intensity of these stressors and strains. The relationships between stressors and strains were also investigated in both economic sectors. The questionnaires were completed by 234 managers in state-owned enterprises and 179 managers in private enterprises from eight cities of the PRC. The questionnaires were used to measure sources of stress, job satisfaction, and physical and psychological strain. The results showed that managers in private enterprises experienced higher levels of occupational stressors (mainly ‘Organizational structure and climate’ and ‘Relationship with others’) and psychological strains than those in state-owned enterprises. Moreover, ‘Organizational structure and climate’ was also found to be a major stressor when predicting both psychological and physical strain in both economic sectors.     

Enhancing the green efficiency of fundamental sectors in China’s industrial system: A spatial-temporal analysis

Due to sectoral interactions in the economy, the overall green efficiency (GE) of China’s industrial system relies heavily on fundamental sectors that contribute substantial energy to the supply chain production of other sectors but shows low sectoral GE. For the three fundamental sectors in China’s industrial systems, namely the smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals (SPNFM), the processing of petroleum, coking, and nuclear fuel (PPCNF); and the manufacturing of nonmetallic mineral products (MNMMP), we employed a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure GE in the fundamental sectors in 30 provinces from 2010 to 2015. We then adopted a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model to evaluate the influence of technological innovation (TI), industrial agglomeration (IA), environmental regulation (ER), and intraindustry competition (IC). The results showed that GE in the three fundamental sectors varied spatially. Specifically, TI promoted GE in MNMMP, but the effect was not obvious in the SPNFM and PPCNF sectors. Moreover, ER had positive impacts on GE in the fundamental sectors. The effects of IA and IC on GE in the fundamental sectors varied in direction and strength. After eliminating the impacts of environmental effects and statistical noise, the real GE in the three fundamental sectors varied significantly compared to the comprehensive GE. Policy opportunities for enhancing GE in the fundamental sectors mainly lie in region-specific policy and regulations that avoid a “one-size-fits-all” governance approach.     

奥地利发展低碳节能建筑的历程及关键技术

本文对奥地利近10年来发展节能建筑的情况和并对目前已经出现的几种节能建筑和关键技术进行了介绍。早在1999年,奥地利联邦政府就推出了一项“未来建筑计划”,在全国范围内大规模地启动了建筑节能运动,积极推行节能建筑设计技术、地源热泵技术、光伏利用技术、自控通风系统等,采用新型保温建筑材料和新体门窗。     

提升县域特色产业集群创新能力的一种新模式——以沙河玻璃技术研究院为例

县域特色产业技术升级,对加快打造河北经济升级版,促进京津冀区域绿色低碳发展具有重要意义。对于＂整体规模大、单体规模小＂的特色产业集群来说,众多中小企业无力单独建立研发机构,又离不开技术支撑,需要政府帮助建立一个公共研发平台。沙河玻璃技术研究院将两个积极性结合起来,提供了一种可以借鉴的合作机制和运作模式。     

从生产力不平衡结构看我国宏观经济波动

从投资角度看,高端部门的资本有机构成和劳动生产率比低端部门要高很多,在一定的投资下,高端部门会有更大的产出或利润。因此,在市场经济条件下投资自然会向高端部门倾斜和集中,其结果将形成产品或产业结构的不平衡增长,从而引起人们收入结构的不平衡增长。从消费角度看,人们在收入增长以后,会努力满足较高层次的需求。如果存在不同收入结构,这种倾斜最先出现在高收入阶层,这一现象又会渐次对其他各收入阶层产生“示范效应”。简言之,不同收入阶层人口的消费结构会先后出现对高端部门产品的倾斜,当然,消费的这种倾斜将受到低收入阶层的收入水平、人口规模的影响,最终将影响高端部门的增长。     

科技创业孵化成员关系强度、知识共享对联盟绩效的影响

科技创业孵化联盟集聚社会创业资源,扶持科技创业企业成长,有利于科技创业生态的形成。因此,如何提升科技创业孵化联盟绩效成为学术界和实践界共同关心的重要问题。通过理论分析构建了科技创业孵化成员关系强度、知识共享、成员能力与联盟绩效的概念模型,并基于调查数据对研究假设进行了验证。实证分析结果表明：知识共享在关系强度与联盟绩效间发挥中介作用,成员能力正向调节关系强度对知识共享的影响;随着成员能力的提升,关系强度通过知识共享影响联盟绩效的中介效应逐渐增强。     

“低技术陷阱”的理论阐释与研究展望

20世纪80年代末,英国学者Finegold 和 Soskice首次提出“低技术均衡（陷阱）”的概念。之后,关于发达经济体中是否存在“低技术陷阱”、其形成的内在机理是什么以及如何破解,逐渐成为西方学界探讨和论争的热点问题。近年来,发展中国家的“低技术陷阱”问题也开始受到关注。主要从“低技术陷阱”概念的提出、几种代表性理论和代表性模型以及当前研究中存在的若干论争4个方面进行了梳理,并对已有研究进行了总结,最后,提出了研究展望。