Measuring Value‐at‐Risk in Project Finance Transactions

Despite the remarkable importance of project finance in international financial markets, no quantitative models to measure and quantify the risk associated with a deal for the project's lenders have been developed yet. The topic has recently become crucial, since the New Basle Capital Accord gives banks a choice of whether to adopt simpler (but possibly higher) standard capital requirements or to develop internal rating models for project finance transactions. The paper proposes how Monte Carlo simulations may be used to derive a Value‐at‐Risk estimate for project finance deals and discusses the critical issues that must be considered when developing such a model.     

Financial Markets for Unknown Risks if Beliefs Differ

We consider a general equilibrium model with individual and collective risks. The article builds on a contribution by Chichilnisky and Heal, who show that contingent Arrow–Debreu equilibria can also be supported in economies with Arrow securities and mutual insurance contracts. However, they show this to be true in general only if beliefs are identical, a very restrictive assumption in the context of unknown risks. Moreover, they claim complete insurance in equilibrium to be impossible if beliefs are different. We show that even with different beliefs, firstly, complete insurance is possible in each statistical state, and secondly, contingent equilibrium can still be supported in economies with insurance and securities.     

Optimal Mortgage Refinancing with Regime Switches

A model of rational mortgage refinancing is developed where the drift and volatility of interest rate process switch between two regimes. Because of the possibility of a regime shift, the optimal refinancing policy is characterized by the different threshold of interest differential for each regime. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the optimal refinancing threshold in each regime can be smaller or larger than the threshold under single-regime models. Finally, we evaluate the predictions of the model, based on the estimated parameters for a two-regime model to capture the evolution of the mortgage rates in the US. Our model can produce both late and early refinancing, which is consistent with the observed refinancing behavior. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Sumitomo Trust and Banking Co., Ltd.     

我国商业银行金融创新新途径:结构性理财——动因、问题及对策

近年,商业银行从传统以信贷利息为主要收入来源格局逐渐转为非利息收入加快增长态势。结构性理财产品发展迅速,成为理财产品发行的主导产品。结构性理财产品如结构性存款能改善银行负债状况,对于利率风险和信用风险等有自身化解能力。对商业银行的收入构成、风险控制有其独特作用。本文将结构性理财和非结构性理财进行了比较,对典型的结构性理财产品运作模式作了图解分析。最近,由于零收益率产品市场反映强烈,银行迫切需要在投资者教育和自身设计能力方面加大力气。     

全球不均衡货币、金融体系下的危机与对策

"布雷顿森林体系"崩溃后,形成的以美元为主的全球不均衡货币、金融体系,是国际流动性膨胀的根本原因,也是金融系统性风险的重要因素。基于这个背景,本文着重阐述在这个体系下,国际短期资本流动、汇率问题、资产价格波动对金融系统性风险的影响。     

企业财务风险及其防范对策

财务风险的存在有其客观必然性,财务管理必须运用各种手段和措施,加强对风险进行控制和处理,企业经营者必须进行经常性财务分析,防范财务危机,建立预警分析指标体系,进行适当的财务风险决策,针对不同的风险类型,采用不同的方法来规避财务风险.     

基于未确知测度的高校融资财务风险预警

融资财务风险是高校融资风险的重要方面,预警评价指标体系基本结构如下:总指标:高校融资财务风险;一级指标:总体财务状况指标、负债风险指标、运行绩效风险指标、发展能力、综合能力;二级指标:流动比率、学校货币资金支付率、负债保障倍数、专项资金占用程度、年来借款总额占总收入的比率、借入款项占总支出的比率、借入款项占货币资金的比率、资产负债率、生均教育事业费支出、人员经费占总经费比率、经费自给率、公用支出比率、固定资产增长比率、资产权益率、事业基金可用率、自筹收入能力比率、年末潜在支付能力.其定性分析指标设定无警、轻警、中警、重警、巨警五个等级,可通过专家打分法得到,定量分析指标可直接计算得到.     

When Are Commercial Loans Secured?

We analyze the factors that influence the decision to secure a commercial loan. We find evidence that variables reflecting adverse selection, moral hazard, and the prospects for default all affect the likelihood a loan will be collateralized. We find no evidence in favor of the predictions of certain theoretical models that high‐quality firms signal by providing collateral. Our results also show that lenders with less risk protection in the form of equity capital are more likely to require collateral, but that banks themselves are less likely to secure loans than nonbanks. Certain loan characteristics also influence the collateralization decision.     

构建审计风险防范之方略

近年来，涉及审计的诉讼案件不断增加以及会计公司在法律诉讼及赔偿方面费用的不断攀升，导致会计师职业界职业风险压力越来越高。因此，要重视审计风险的防范，通过营造良好的工作环境，严格审计程序，提高人员素质，增强与客户的沟通与联系，积极引进风险基础审计等，降低审计风险。     

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR OPTIMIZING VALUE-AT-RISK AND DAILY CAPITAL CHARGES

Abstract.  Credit risk is the most important type of risk in terms of monetary value. Another key risk measure is market risk, which is concerned with stocks and bonds, and related financial derivatives, as well as exchange rates and interest rates. This paper is concerned with market risk management and monitoring under the Basel II Accord, and presents Ten Commandments for optimizing value-at-risk (VaR) and daily capital charges, based on choosing wisely from (1) conditional, stochastic and realized volatility; (2) symmetry, asymmetry and leverage; (3) dynamic correlations and dynamic covariances; (4) single index and portfolio models; (5) parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric models; (6) estimation, simulation and calibration of parameters; (7) assumptions, regularity conditions and statistical properties; (8) accuracy in calculating moments and forecasts; (9) optimizing threshold violations and economic benefits; and (10) optimizing private and public benefits of risk management. For practical purposes, it is found that the Basel II Accord would seem to encourage excessive risk taking at the expense of providing accurate measures and forecasts of risk and VaR.