流动性过剩背景下的金融结构优化

中国经济当前处于流动性过剩状态,这一问题若不能很好解决,容易引发经济和金融危机。解决流动性过剩既需要实行提高法定存款准备金比率、加大公开市场回笼货币力度和发行定向票据等相机抉择的短期政策,更重要的是采取金融结构优化的治本之策。金融结构优化的具体措施包括多层次资本市场的完善,大力发展机构投资者,发行债券收购国家外汇储备的增量,推进银行业的综合化经营以及进行结构化产品创新和房地产投资信托产品创新等。     

Employee recruitment and job search: Towards a multi-level integration

This study describes an attempt to develop an integrative model of job search and employee recruitment. Inevitably multi-level in nature, the model demonstrates the interplay between organizational-level factors and individual-level factors in influencing the outcomes of employee recruitment and job search activities. According to the model, influenced by job seeker and organizational characteristics, job search and recruitment activities jointly create job awareness, which is the first step in organizational attraction. Next, depending on the job seeker's current job situation, this attraction leads to job pursuit intention and behavior. The model also emphasizes the longitudinal nature of the process by which individuals gain employment. Finally, since each organization's applicant pool consists of job seekers with some common characteristics attracted to the same position, the model proposes that recruitment and job search can be examined by utilizing a multilevel framework.     

以反洗钱协调合作机制打击“资本运作”传销的思考

近年来,传销活动在一些地区屡禁不止、屡打不消,反而出现了一些新形式、新特点,资本运作就是当前最具代表性的传销模式。本文从资本运作传销的主要特征入手,结合当前广西资本运作传销现状,探讨打击资本运作传销亟需解决的主要问题,并从如何发挥反洗钱协调合作机制作用着手提出治理的相关对策。     

A multi-level model of withdrawal: Integrating and synthesizing theory and findings

Major changes occurring within the modern organization have served as a catalyst for redefining withdrawal behavior and expanding its focus. Traditionally, investigators examined lateness, absence, and withdrawal either individually or in combination with each other. Besides new insights into understanding each of these components, it is suggested that withdrawal today needs to include so-called ‘minor withdrawal behaviors' such as social loafing, lack of effort, long lunch breaks, and surfing on the Internet during the workday. The present paper presents an interactionist approach that utilizes multi-level antecedents as predictors. By borrowing concepts from several areas of organizational psychology, the model proposes that withdrawal cognitions and, in some cases, cost/benefit calculations serve as mediators between individual (attitudes and personal), group/organizational, extra-organizational variables acting as antecedents/moderators and withdrawal behavior. Methodological issues characteristic of withdrawal research as well as techniques for testing the model are discussed.     

The politics of intellectual property rights regimes: An empirical study of new technology use in entrepreneurship

This study examines interactions between political processes and intellectual property rights regimes that can influence the propensity of early-stage entrepreneurs to employ the latest available technologies in their ventures. We argue that the effects of intellectual property regimes are moderated by the nature of a country?s political system, including the influence of Pirate parties, which advocate for minimal intellectual property enforcement. We combine large-panel cross-country survey data on entrepreneurs and country-level measures of polity (democracy versus autocracy) and intellectual property rights with a new measure (created by the authors) estimating the influence of Pirate parties. Results indicate that entrepreneurs in more democratic (high polity) countries enjoy higher levels of technology usage as intellectual property rights strengthen. By contrast, entrepreneurs in more autocratic (low polity) countries are less likely to use the latest technology as intellectual property rights strengthen. The influence of Pirate parties makes strengthening intellectual property rights more positive for technology use in entrepreneurship. These results contribute to the literature examining institutional and political determinants of high-value forms of entrepreneurship—which may hinge on the extent to which entrepreneurs? interests are considered by technology and intellectual property policy-makers.     

Team deep-level diversity,relationship conflict,and team members' affective reactions: A cross-level investigation

Drawing from recent advances in the study of deep-level diversity in work teams and the similarity–attraction paradigm, this study examines the ways in which diversity in personality characteristics and preference for teamwork among team members influences the relationship between relationship conflict and subsequent team member affective reactions. Using a longitudinal, multilevel sample of 53 teams (260 respondents), results reveal that similarity or homogeneity in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability weakens the negative influence of relationship conflict on team member affective reactions, while heterogeneity in extraversion and preference for teamwork also weakens these relationships. A discussion of theoretical and practical implications follows.     

Can constructive deviance be empowered? A multi-level field study in Australian supermarkets

We test four hypotheses about how leaders facilitate constructive deviance in the teams they manage. Constructive deviance describes ways of creating value by departing from common ways of working. We test a multi-level model that suggests links between various leadership behaviors, psychological empowerment, and constructive deviance at the individual and team levels. Our findings add nuance to the prevalent assumption that empowered employees engage in more constructive deviance than unempowered employees do by suggesting that, rather than stimulating constructive deviance, empowerment makes deviance unnecessary. We detail implications for management.     

Developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK

This paper describes the approach to developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK, being pursued in a major new inter-disciplinary research project. The project aims (a) to learn from past transitions to help explore future transitions and what might enable or avoid them; (b) to design and evaluate transition pathways towards alternative socio-technical energy systems and infrastructures for a low carbon future; and (c) to understand and, where appropriate, model the changing roles, influences and opportunities of large and small ‘actors’ in the dynamics of transitions. The paper describes the approach, which builds on the work of Dutch researchers on transitions and transition management using a multi-level framework of niches, socio-technical regime and landscape, as well as on other parts of the innovation systems literature. It also describes its application to several outline transition pathways to a low carbon energy system in the UK. The pathways embrace both the evolution of the physical and institutional infrastructure changes and the roles of both large actors, e.g. multinational energy supply and distribution companies, national governments, major investors, and small actors, e.g. households, innovators and entrepreneurs.     

技术系统多层级共同演化

考察了技术系统的特征,建立了技术多层级共同演化的互动机制,并以此为基础,研究了技术系统多层级共同演化的过程以及共同演化过程中的路径依赖特征。结果表明,技术系统具有多层级性和耗散结构特征,同一层级的竞争合作机制、不同层级之间的多样性与选择机制、与外部环境的互动机制,共同推动了技术系统从低层级向高层级技术创新递进扩张和从高层级向低层级递进选择的共同演化过程,报酬递增因素导致了技术系统多层级共同演化过程中的路径依赖特征。 ?     

Exploring dynamic multi-level linkages in inter-organizational networks

When an organization pursues the goals specific to its environment, networks are constructed to gain various resources from other collaborators. However, most individual studies on inter-organizational network have taken a simplified view of relationships among member organizations by focusing on a static and single level linkage. This paper proposes a multi-level approach to integrate resource, organization and network levels and explores the relationship between these levels. This enables us to identify a set of important micro, meso and macro linkages between resource, organization and network. Operational measures and results are illustrated via a case study from an incubator system of Xi'an High-tech Park of China. The case study demonstrates that one level triggers the changes of other levels.