Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources

Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.     

Relationships between absenteeism,conservation group membership,and land management among family forest owners

Absentee landowners, or those who do not live on their forestland, own approximately 117 million acres of private forestland in the U.S. Thus, their land management decisions and activities influence the flow of forest-based goods and services. We explore the question of whether absentee family forest owners are less active land managers than resident landowners and whether membership in conservation organizations is associated with higher levels of land management activity by absentee owners. To examine these questions, we administered a mail survey to randomly-selected family forest landowners in Indiana. While we found some support for the contention that absentee owners are less active forestland managers than resident owners, we also found they are not necessarily inactive landowners. We found absentee owners were less likely to have: inspected their forestland for invasive plants, pulled or cut invasive plants, used herbicides to kill invasive plants, reduced fire hazard, or grazed livestock than resident owners. Absentee owners were more likely to be enrolled in the Indiana Classified Forest and Wildlands Program, a preferential forest property tax program. Absentee owners who are members of a conservation organization were more likely than absentee non-member owners to have undertaken a variety of land management activities, including: undertaking wildlife habitat improvement projects, inspecting their forestland for invasive plants, pulling or cutting invasive plants, enrolling in the Indiana Classified Forest and Wildlands program, and obtaining a management plan.     

罗马尼亚林业发展及对我国林业建设的启示

罗马尼亚是一个由计划经济向市场经济过渡的转轨国家,是欧洲森林资源较丰富的国家之一。在森林资源的经营、管理及保护等方面建立了一整套完整、科学并符合林业发展规律的法律、法规、规章及相关工作规定。合理的林业管理体制机制,促进了罗马尼亚的林区经济社会发展和森林资源的保护与合理利用。罗马尼亚在发展林业生产及森林资源的经营和管理等方面的经验值得学习和借鉴。     

林权流转程序中的审批问题研究——以地方性法规、规章为对象

林权流转是林业产权确权后解决林地规模经营的必然举措。在林权流转中程序是保证林权流转规范运行的重要手段。林权流转程序包含审批、备案、森林资源评估、林权证的发放和变更登记等多项内容。文章以若干地方性法规和地方政府规章为研究对象,对其中的林权流转审批事项进行梳理,分析审批的性质和效力,提出规范林权流转程序的建议。     

Urban encroachment,forest regrowth and land-use institutions: Does zoning matter?

As concern grows regarding urban sprawl and forest and agricultural land preservation, the effectiveness of land-use policies in shaping land-use change warrants further study. We evaluate the impact of county-level zoning laws, the most predominant land use policy in the USA, and land rents on the relative amounts of forest, agricultural, and developed land, while controlling for demographic information and taxation rates. Over the past decades, southern Indiana has experienced forest regrowth on private lands, but this regrowth has declined in recent years with increased conversion of open space for urban residential development. We develop a model of land-use shares in 40 southern Indiana counties based on the net benefits to agriculture, forestland, and urban uses using a maximum likelihood estimation of a Dirichlet distribution. We find agricultural land rent and indicators of land productivity are the most important predictors of the proportion of agriculture and urban uses. Forest use is better explained by shifting regional economic structure and hilly terrain. Counties with a greater proportion of their work force in the service sectors have a greater proportion of land forested. Finally, to some extent zoning may protect agricultural land in the region, although land rents, land characteristics, and population are strong predictors of the ratio of agriculture to urban use.     

The forest transition: Towards a more comprehensive theoretical framework

Building on the contributions of Mather and others, this paper offers an approach for developing a more comprehensive theory of the forest transition. We argue that long-run changes in forest cover in a country or region cannot be separated from the overall pattern of land use changes. Moreover, this pattern is determined by relative land values; forest cover changes over time as the value of one land use relative to the value of its competing use changes over time. However, the actual values that are used to allocate land may be far from optimal; that is, the presence of market, policy and institutional failures can distort economic and political incentives that can lead to bias in favour of one type of land use over the other, and may ultimately explain why a forest transition may be delayed unnecessarily in some countries and regions.     

Land use transitions: Socio-ecological feedback versus socio-economic change

The concept of land use transition highlights that land use change is non-linear and is associated with other societal and biophysical system changes. A transition in land use is not a fixed pattern, nor is it deterministic. Land use transitions can be caused by negative socio-ecological feedbacks that arise from a depletion of key resources or from socio-economic change and innovation that take place rather independently from the ecological system. Here, we explore whether the sources of land use transitions are mostly endogenous socio-ecological forces or exogenous socio-economic factors. We first review a few generic pathways of forest transition as identified in national case studies, and evaluate the varying ecological quality of expanding forests associated with these pathways. We then discuss possible explanatory frameworks of land use transitions. We use the case of the recent forest transition in Vietnam as an illustration. Socio-ecological feedbacks seem to better explain a slowing down of deforestation and stabilization of forest cover, while exogenous socio-economic factors better account for reforestation. We conclude by discussing the prospects of accelerating land use transitions in tropical forest countries.     

南京都市圈基本公共服务均等化时空演变及地域差异

通过构建基本公共服务均等化评价指标体系,运用核密度估计法和Dagum基尼系数探究2011—2020年南京都市圈基本公共服务均等化的时空演变以及地区差异特征。研究表明：在时序演变上,南京都市圈基本公共服务均等化水平不断提高,但是城市间差异仍然存在,呈现微弱的两极化特征;在空间分布上总体呈现中间高四周低的空间格局,苏皖两省内各城市各子维度均等化水平分界明显,具有典型的区域化特征;南京都市圈基本公共服务总体呈现均等化水平上升,区域总体差异逐渐缩小;南京市龙头作用发挥不足,是导致区域内差异存在的重要原因。因此,需加强南京都市圈内部分工协作,破除政策壁垒,推动南京市的带头作用,促进区域内基本公共服务均等化发展。     

神农架林区生态农业发展探析

对神农架林区生态农业发展现状进行深入分析。指出林区生态农业发展的有利条件和不利因素。提出了林区生态农业发展的对策建议:采取得力措施,切实落实生态农业发展政策;加大农业科技创新力度,持续实施生态农业工程;加强生态农业示范区建设,积极推进农业标准化生产;围绕农业旅游建设,促进生态农业向纵深发展。     

信息技术在林火探测中的应用

本文在介绍信息技术的基础上。搜集了大量的林火探测方法,分析了人为探测的优缺点以及利用信息技术进行林火探测的必要性。信息技术在林火探测中的应用主要包括4个方面：红外探测、感烟探测、卫星遥感探测和视频图像探测。本文分析了各种信息技术的探火原理以及优缺点,并指出在不同的环境背景下应该选择不同的信息技术进行林火探测．必要的时候可以使用复合型的林火探测方式。一般来说,红外探测和感烟探测比较适合近距离的林火探测．因为红外和烟雾容易受周围环境的影响而有不同程度的削减;对于大面积的森林监测应该采用卫星遥感技术,但由于其覆盖周期长,应用于林火探测上尚有一定距离,在林火灾后评估方面有很好的应用效果;视频图像林火探测是一门新兴的信息技术,虽然有其他方法所不可比拟的优越性,但在应用过程中,其缺点也应受到人们的重视。随着信息技术日新月异的发展,林火探测技术将会越来越科学、准确。