The effect of violent crime on sector-specific FDI in Latin America

ABSTRACT

This article looks at the impact of violent crime on FDI into Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1996–2010 period. FDI is disaggregated into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and three variables related to violent crime are used: homicides, crime victimization and organized crime. Controlling for institutions and the traditional determinants of FDI, we find that the impact of crime on FDI depends on the sector and types of crime considered. Higher homicide rates are associated with less FDI in the secondary sector while organized crime reduces tertiary sector FDI. Crime victimization has a robust significant negative impact on the tertiary sector and in some estimations of the secondary sector. Crime has no impact on primary sector FDI. Our study highlights the need to continue efforts to decrease crime as we show in our analysis that crime has a negative effect on FDI in the secondary and tertiary sector.     

Spatial Nonstationarity and Spurious Regression: the Case with a Row-normalized Spatial Weights Matrix

Abstract

This paper investigates the spurious regression in the spatial setting where the regressant and regressors may be generated from possible nonstationary spatial autoregressive processes. Under the near unit root specification with a row-normalized spatial weights matrix, it is shown that the possible spurious regression phenomena in the spatial setting are relatively weaker than those in the nonstationary time series scenario. The regression estimates might or might not converge to 0. The divergence might occur only when the regressant has a near unit root much closer to unity than that of the regressor. For the t and F statistics, there could be over-rejection of the null of uncorrelatedness under certain situations, but they do not diverge. However, the coefficient of determination R ² converges to 0, which provides strong evidence of the spurious regression even when t and F statistics are large. Simulation results about different statistics are in line with the theoretical results we derive in this paper.

Non-stationnarité spatiale et fausse régression: l'argument pour la matrice de pondération spatiale à normalisation ‘row-normalized’

RÉSUMÉ?La présente communication se penche sur la fausse régression dans les cadres spatiaux, o[ugrave] des variables dépendantes et des variables explicatives peuvent être produites par d’éventuels procédés autorégressifs spatiaux non stationnaires. Dans le cadre de la spécification de la racine quasi-unitaire, avec une matrice de pondération spatiale normalisée ‘row-normalized’, il est démontré que les phénomènes de fausse régression dans les cadres spatiaux sont relativement plus faibles que ceux du scénario à série chronologique non stationnaire. Pour les statistiques t et F, on pourra assister à une sur-réjection du néant de la non corrélation dans certaines circonstances, mais aucune divergence. Toutefois, le coefficient de détermination R² converge vers 0, en apportant ainsi une preuve substantielle de la fausse, même en présence de statistiques t et F élevées. Les résultats des simulations sur différentes statistiques sont en accord avec les résultats théoriques que nous dérivons dans la présente communication.

No estacionariedad espacial y regresión falsa: el caso con la matriz de pesos espaciales standardizada por filas

RÉSUMÉ?Este trabajo investiga la regresión falsa en el ámbito espacial donde la variable dependiente y las variables independientes pueden generarse a partir de posibles procesos autorregresivos espaciales no estacionarios. Bajo la especificación de raíz unitaria con una matriz de pesos espaciales estandarizada por filas, se muestra que los posibles fenómenos de regresión falsa son relativamente más débiles que los del caso de la serie de tiempo no estacionario. En las estadísticas t y F, podría producirse un sobrerrechazo de la hipótesis nula de incorrelación bajo ciertas situaciones, pero no son divergentes. No obstante, el coeficiente de determinación R² converge a 0, lo que ofrece una evidencia fuerte de la regresión falsa incluso cuando las estadísticas t y F son amplias. Los resultados de simulación sobre diferentes estadísticas se mantienen en línea con los resultados teóricos que obtenemos en este trabajo.

     

基于Bass模型的品牌扩散模型研究综述

总结回顾了基于Bass模型的品牌扩散模型的主要研究进展,依据是否考虑了重复购买因素将品牌扩散模型分为品牌首次购买模型和品牌尝试-重复购买模型,并对两类模型进行了归纳和比较;探讨了在放宽基本扩散模型限制性假设方面的主要成果,并指出了未来研究的方向。     

美国官方OFHEO房价指数探析

美国OFHEO房价指数作为由美国官方权威机构发布的季度房价指数,在美国房地产业具有广泛的影响力。本文对其发展渊源与运行机理进行介绍与探讨,以期为中国房地产指数的相应研究提供借鉴。     

Art festival attendance: Who attends and why with implications on developing future festival attractiveness

Art festivals are an increasing part of a destination's event portfolio, asserted by destination marketing and management agencies to hopefully promote community engagement including attracting tourism, trade, and talent to the destination. With art festivals a common annual event feature at destinations, the competition for festival participation has increased, creating a greater need to isolate those festival attributes that are specifically appealing to targeted visitor segments. Examining participant profile and motives to attend the publically funded annually recurring Macau Arts Festival (MAF), the findings of this case study showed mostly community involvement with participants being mainly well educated, middle-aged, and female. While an aim of the festival, international participation in the festival was limited. A factor analysis on motives to attend the festival revealed that while there was common agreement with previous literature on reasons to attend, Macau's cultural background provided increased opportunity for the MAF to differentiate the event. Marketing implications also suggested investigating a communication strategy that could differ between attracting local and international audiences. With a significant cost to public finances, greater scrutiny on the appeal of the festival to specific local and international audiences was recommended to better present the cost to benefit argument for hosting.     

Measuring customer experience in situ: The link between appraisals,emotions and overall assessments

Customer experience is frequently researched using one-off recall studies, missing the opportunity to assess the momentary fluctuations associated with consumption in real time. To address this gap, this study investigates how specific experience appraisals of an event affect emotions at different points in time, as well as determining how these appraisals contribute to overall satisfaction, recommendation, and repeat visitation. Fifty-one event goers report their experiences on four occasions (three during and one post event). Results show appraisals of having fun predict feelings of joy at each of the three sampling periods, whereas appraisals of sensory experience predict feelings of inspiration. Overall, sensory appraisals at Time-2 and appraisals of fun at Time-3 are associated with higher ratings of recommendation and repeat visitation. This research extends the understanding of customer experience by demonstrating the differential role of appraisals and emotions in real time and the flow-on effects to post experience assessments.     

Assessments of Lodging Service Unit Performance for Repeat Business

Abstract

Generating repeat business has been one of the greatest challenges to lodging marketers. This study explores a new approach to predicting customers' repatronization intention from the performance of key service units in lodging organizations. Repeat and first-time customers are studied separately in order to draw effective strategic implications for lodging operators. The results of this study show that repeat and first-time customers have different reasons for their continuous patronization to a particular lodging company. Practical implications and future directions for this line of research are discussed.     

Properties of first-time vs. repeat visitors: lessons for marketing Norwegian ski resorts

This paper explores the potential in foreign markets for winter tourism in Norway and discusses the influencing factors explaining why foreign tourists visit and revisit Norway on ski vacations. In a decreasing market, it becomes increasingly important to destination managers and marketers to choose the right marketing strategies and direction. We focus on characteristics that influence and explain why foreign tourists choose to return. More than 3000 respondents from Sweden, Denmark, and Germany were asked for their image of Norwegian ski destinations and criteria for winter vacation selection. We fitted mainly hurdle and quantile regressions to gain consistent and less biased estimates. Stable snow conditions, combining alpine and cross-country skiing, and no fees for the latter are some of Norway's competitive but seldom marketed advantages, and especially towards repeat visitors. Repeaters typically prefer self-catering accommodation and are less price sensitive. Surprisingly, foreign ski tourists are not very interested in other snow-based activities or cultural attractions. Despite repeaters constituting the majority of foreign ski tourists, neither the national development and marketing agency (Innovation Norway) nor local tourist organizations and marketers have a strategy for targeting them. We recommend a shift from profile marketing towards segmented marketing, aimed especially at the repeat-visitor segment.     

近红外光谱分析技术在大米检测中的应用

本文主要探索近红外光谱分析技术在我国大米检测中的具体应用情况,分析、阐述相关知识和相关原理,以促进我国食品、技术的安全发展。     

浅谈DLL15塑壳漏电断路器使用中遇到的问题

分析漏电保护器在TN-C系统中使用出现的问题,简要说明其处理方法及故障处理后的结果。