Promoting competition in the presence of essential facilities

This paper addresses how to use simple access pricing to promote entry in the presence of spillovers and essential facilities. An inherent dilemma is that the greater the spillover, the greater is the benefit of attracting good entrants but the harder it is to exclude low-quality entrants because they can free ride on the quality of good entrants. We show that the inability to discriminate between entrants has the effect of discouraging access prices that enable the low-quality entrant to enter, generates a time consistency problem, and provides incentives for good-quality entrants to limit their competitiveness.     

Opportunity Cost Model of Infrastructure Access Charges for Chinese Railways

For the suppliers of concerned services, theories about infrastructure pricing： SAT （Stand Alone economists such as Laffont, Tirole, etc. developed Test）, ECPR （Efficient Component Pricing Rule）. Especially, Sidak, Spulber, put forward M-ECPR （Market Efficient Component Pricing Rule） method for bottleneck infrastructures. In this article, we bring the M-ECPR principles into the study of Chinese railways pricing of its network infrastructures. Combined with our Engineer Model and Opportunity Cost Model, we analyzed the special conditions faced by Chinese railways, and developed a model for sharing infrastructure fees among freight and passenger transportations. Engineer Model split Variable Cost （VC） and Fixed Cost （FC） into freight and passenger activities, and Opportunity Cost Model take the insufficient supply of infrastructure capacity into consideration. Of course, the subsidy from the government greatly affected the price standard for bottleneck facilities, or so-called network infrastructures.     

加强和改进养老机构消防安全工作的思考

养老机构的管理和安全越来越受到人们的关注。对于养老机构存在的消防安全问题,需要全社会动员,统筹协调,标本兼治。     

Sport participation and the social and physical environment: explaining differences between urban and rural areas in the Netherlands

In this study, we investigated the intensity of sport participation in the Netherlands comparing urban and rural areas. Using a socio-ecological theoretical model, we focussed on the extent to which the rural–urban divide in sport participation is explained by micro-level (socio-demographics), meso-level (safety and socio-economic status of neighbourhoods) and exo-level (variety and proximity of sport facilities) characteristics. We tested our theoretical expectations using representative data on 17,910 Dutch inhabitants between 6 and 79 years of age. Our study reconfirmed the importance of individual socio-demographics (micro-level), such as age, education and household income for sports participation. Furthermore, our results showed that weekly sport participation was more common in rural than in urban areas. This rural–urban divide in sport participation especially was attributed to social environmental factors (meso-level); physical conditions of the environment provided no explanation. Our findings should, however, not be taken as a denial of the importance of the physical environment (exo-level). This study was conducted in the Netherlands, a country with a high density, abundant sport facilities and a supportive sport climate. Moreover, variety of sport facilities nearby proved significant in explaining an individual’s monthly sport participation. To conclude, this study enhances our understanding of the rural–urban divide in sport participation and highlights the importance of especially meso-level features in addition to the socio-demographics. It thus may inform policymakers to critically assess sport promotion policies.     

Commonality in liquidity and multilateral trading facilities

We use the introduction of two multilateral trading facilities (MTFs) to examine the impact of market fragmentation on commonality in liquidity. We find that the introduction of MTFs following the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive increases the comovement of stocks’ liquidity with MTF liquidity, while the comovement with the home market liquidity generally decreases. We also find that the higher the MTF trading volume or the number of MTFs trading a stock, the stronger the effect. Further, we find that the commonality in liquidity remains unchanged for a matched control sample of stocks that do not trade on MTFs.     

健康视角下“虚拟医养融合院”发挥政府服务职能作用的研究

随着我国人口老龄化基数不断增大,传统的养老保障模式已跟不上时代发展的需要。中国经济的高速发展和网络科技的广泛运用,尤其是5G时代的云数据,使智慧医疗、智慧社区、智慧养老结合起来变成可能。这将彻底改变传统的养老方式,可使有限的养老资源得到最大化利用,避免资源的浪费。"虚拟医养融合院"就是对传统社区居家养老的创新,它是"一座没有围墙的养老院",规模化运作方式将成为今后老年群体养老的一种新趋势。虚拟医养融合服务必须依靠政府全面统筹兼顾、大力引导、突出重点、协同推进;政府的顶层设计和整合职能是保证实施"虚拟医养融合院"的核心要素,也是引领其他各项要素实施的必要条件。要完善健康促进机制,加大资金投入保障,加强专业队伍建设,全方位、全生命周期保障人民身心健康。     

骨关节结核患者术后疼痛的护理干预

目的：探讨护理干预对骨关节结核患者术后疼痛的影响。方法选取2012年1月至2014年2月我院接受的骨关节结核手术患者200例,按就诊顺序分为两组,各100例。对照组患者给予常规护理,研究组患者在常规护理的基础上实行护理干预。对比两组患者术后疼痛情况。结果研究组患者术后疼痛得分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论护理干预可有效减轻骨关节结核患者的术后疼痛。     

关于采矿权评估实际工作中几个问题的探讨

《矿业权评估指南》对矿业权评估工作具有纲领性和指导性意义 ,但尚不足以涵盖整个评估领域 ,本文结合实际 ,对采矿权评估实践中遇到的可采储量的确定、特殊采矿设备处理、闭坑后土地复垦费用、地质环境影响、矿山安全因素等五个问题加以论述 ,并提出了解决此类问题的措施     

精细设备配套建设,强化实验条件保障

本文简述了高校仪器设备配套设施建设工作的重要性,分析了设备配套过程中存在的问题,着重细化了设备配套设施的诸多措施,以保障实验室教学正常运行。     

楚纪南城水利设施初探

春秋战国,纪南城是南方第一大都会,在一定程度上代表了楚国城市水利设施最高水平。通过研究发现楚纪南城在码头、水门和水井等水利设施的修建上已达到相当的水平。码头、水门、水井的修建是楚国社会经济发展的结果,同时,反过来也大大地促进了楚国商品经济和手工业的发展,二者是相互作用的。