The impact of public research contracts on scientific productivity

We analyse a competitive research-oriented public programme established in Spain, the Ramon y Cajal Programme, intended to offer contracts in public research centres to high-quality researchers. We study the effects of the programme on the ex post scientific productivity of its recipients, relative to non-granted applicants with comparable curricula at the time of application. The full sample results demonstrate that the programme has a positive and significant effect on the scientific productivity of the recipients, as measured both by the amount of published contribution and by the impact of their publications. Consequently, receiving a contract affects the quantity, but also increases the quality, of the contract recipients’ publications.     

Los efectos de largo plazo de la asimetría y persistencia en la predicción de la volatilidad: evidencia para mercados accionarios de América Latina

This article proposes an extension to the CGARCH model in order to capture the characteristics of short-run and long-run asymmetry and persistence, and examine their effects in modeling and forecasting the conditional volatility of the stock markets from the region of Latin America during the period from 2 January 1992 to 31 December 2014. In the sample analysis, the estimation results of the CGARCH-class model family reveal the presence of short-run and long-run significant asymmetric effects and long-run persistency in the structure of stock price return volatility. The empirical results also show that the use of symmetric and asymmetric loss functions and the statistical test of Hansen (2005) are sound alternatives for evaluating the predictive ability of the asymmetric CGARCH models. In addition, the inclusion of long-run asymmetry and long-run persistency in the variance equation improves significantly the out of sample volatility forecasts for emerging stock markets of Argentina and Mexico.     

The influence of culture and transparency on global research and development intensity: An overview across Europe

Culture and transparency can be described as a set of beliefs, norms, and actions, which drive the human action into innovativeness. Over the centuries, those pillars have driven individuals, groups, organizations, and nations, into the most complex networking schemes. It seems now unquestionable that those beliefs and policies, affect both private and public organizations, driving them across innovation wages in a more incremental or radical way. The dependent variable in this research (R&D) embodies the disbursements in research and development, carried out by business enterprise and public sector, and by education institutions. Thus, this research aims to mainly explore the effect of culture and transparency, as drivers of business attractiveness, on global R&D intensity. Using information from 31 European countries over the period 2010–2014, total R&D expenditures were regressed against several variables such as the Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the public sector transparency index, and other aggregated variables. Most of the theoretical assumptions are now supported by our empirical outcomes. Culture and transparency can act as attractiveness drivers, for business sector organizations and for other private and public institutions, toward the implementation of knowledge transformation mechanisms and intellectual capital achievements.     

Long-term effects of the asymmetry and persistence of the prediction of volatility: Evidence for the equity markets of Latin America

This article proposes an extension to the CGARCH model in order to capture the characteristics of short-run and long-run asymmetry and persistence, and examine their effects in modeling and forecasting the conditional volatility of the stock markets from the region of Latin America during the period from 2 January 1992 to 31 December 2014. In the sample analysis, the estimation results of the CGARCH-class model family reveal the presence of short-run and long-run significant asymmetric effects and long-run persistency in the structure of stock price return volatility. The empirical results also show that the use of symmetric and asymmetric loss functions and the statistical test of Hansen (2005) are sound alternatives for evaluating the predictive ability of the asymmetric CGARCH models. In addition, the inclusion of long-run asymmetry and long-run persistency in the variance equation improves significantly the out of sample volatility forecasts for emerging stock markets of Argentina and Mexico.     

会计诚信危机的理论分析与对策探讨

会计诚信是现代会计的一项基本准则。现代契约理论下的委托人缺失及产权不明引发的责任问题是会计诚信缺失的内在机理。寻找新的委托人来加强委托方对会计行为的作用,削弱代理人对会计行为的不正当影响,开展会计诚信的道德、法律教育,改善诚信环境,从而恢复会计诚信危机。     

Carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations. Methodology for the creation of synthetic indicators applied in a coastal area

The growth and expansion of tourism is a complex phenomenon and its study requires multiple disciplines. When related to sustainability, the growth limits and carrying capacity of destinations must also be considered. The objective of this article is to develop a methodology to assess the growth limits of tourist destinations, and this method is then applied to the management and planning of an open tourist resort. The limits to growth are established using a mathematical formulation (i.e., multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology) based on synthetic indicators applied to two scenarios: weak and strong sustainability. There are two developments in this type of research. The first is that the application of this method is neither restricted to a natural protected area, which has its own rules and management, nor to an island possessing geographically controlled entry and exit points. Rather, this study focuses on an open coastal area with an economy based on mass tourism. Second, this new way of assessing growth limits uses a flexible formula – adaptable to other coastal areas, e.g., rural, natural, and urban – depending on the impacts generated by the tourism and the objectives specified by destination managers.     

Brechas de ingresos entre migrantes en los países del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. ¿Percepciones de los empleadores o costos de oportunidad?

Se analizan las diferencias de ingresos entre migrantes calificados occidentales, árabes y asiáticos del sector privado en los países del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo de 2012 a 2014. Utilizando dos métodos de descomposición estándar, se investiga si las percepciones de los empleadores son la causa de la prima salarial de los occidentales. Según los resultados, de un tercio a tres cuartos de la brecha de ingresos reales por hora son atribuibles a las características relacionadas con la productividad, y el resto a los mayores costos de oportunidad. El efecto potencial de las percepciones no observadas resulta no significativo.     

De Ginebra a San José: las normas de la OIT y el sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos

Los autores analizan cómo los órganos interamericanos de derechos humanos utilizan las normas de la OIT como referencia en asuntos de libertad sindical y de asociación y derechos de los pueblos indígenas. Exponen los límites del método por litispendencia y competencia y analizan cómo estas normas han influido en la reciente jurisprudencia interamericana sobre ciertos derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. Defienden la conveniencia de este método de referencias cruzadas, que permite a los órganos interamericanos basarse en interpretaciones autorizadas, al tiempo que aumenta la credibilidad, la legitimidad normativa y la universalidad de sus decisiones.     

Mejoras económicas y sociales en las cadenas mundiales de suministro. Las experiencias del Cono Sur

El objeto del presente artículo es investigar hasta qué punto las mejoras económicas y sociales están concatenadas y se extienden de las empresas líderes a los proveedores en nueve estudios de casos de cadenas mundiales de suministro en el Cono Sur. Los resultados son heterogéneos, pero cabe distinguir tres patrones de evolución económica y social entre los segmentos de la cadena, a saber: desarrollo antagónico, desarrollo truncado y mejora integrada. A partir de esa tipología, se examina de qué manera las políticas públicas, las empresas y los interlocutores sociales pueden ayudar a corregir los desequilibrios, y se formulan recomendaciones al respecto.     

Vinculación de los empleos de las cadenas mundiales de suministro a la demanda

La expansión de las cadenas mundiales de suministro (CMS) desconecta la ubicación de los empleos de la demanda correspondiente. Los autores utilizan la base de datos mundial de insumo‐producto (WIOD) para examinar estos vínculos en 40 países en el periodo 1995–2013, ampliar anteriores análisis de la OIT y proporcionar evidencia sobre el empleo creado por cada combinación ubicación del empleo‐destino de exportación. Observan un cambio en los patrones de demanda y oferta de empleo en las CMS, un auge de China como generadora de demanda, mayores vínculos de producción entre las economías emergentes y más empleos en los servicios sostenidos por las CMS manufactureras.