Defining Capitalism

This article aims to incorporate the essential features of capitalism in an operational definition that identifies capitalism per se (pure laissez‐faire capitalism), and clearly excludes variations such as welfare capitalism and crony capitalism. By concisely highlighting the fundamental structures and mechanisms of capitalism, this essential definition facilitates defences of it that are more robust than those ordinarily offered. It also clarifies the relation between capitalism and phenomena with which it is frequently associated, and suggests a straightforward way of identifying and measuring the extent of capitalism in mixed economies.     

科技哲学视角下的P2P观察思考与展望

网络信贷起源于英国,2007年引入到中国,模式从最初的资产抵押到纯信用借贷,人群从普通工薪阶层覆盖到在校大学生,形式从最初的现金业务拓展到购物消费分期。行业背后的投资来源也逐步广泛随着网贷的不断发展,诸多问题相继产生,值得我们深入探讨。     

Marketing perspectives on digital business models: A framework and overview of the special issue

Strong digital developments are changing markets, and firms may adopt a digital business model to deal with these developments. This special issue focuses on such digital business models. In this editorial, we discuss the relevance of digital business models, propose a conceptual framework, and discuss how digital business models affect firms, firm performance, and markets. We introduce the papers in this issue and show how they each fit within the conceptual framework. We discuss four important areas for future research.     

高校体育教学与德育关系的思考

高校的体育教学不仅锻炼和增强学生的生理机能,提高身体素质,在培养和塑造大学生完善的人格教育中承担了十分重要的任务。创造性地开展高等学校中的体育教学。对高校体育教学进行有益的探索,并在体育教学中有意识地进行道德观教育,使大学生在德、智、体三方面全面协调健康的发展。     

Firm-level determinants of tax evasion in transition economies

Business tax evasion is an important issue for governments. Yet the factors that determine business tax evasion have not been sufficiently examined in the literature in general, and in transition contexts in particular. To address this gap, this study uses the WB/EBRD Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) database with a sample of over 12,692 firms from 26 transition economies. Applying various modelling strategies, we argue that tax evasion is a function of firm-level and institutional-level variables. We contribute to the literature by providing robust evidence showing that the perceived tax burden has a positive impact on tax evasion. We also find that the tax evasive behaviour of firms is positively influenced by low trust in government and in the judicial system as well as by higher perceptions of corruption and higher compliance costs. We find that smaller firms, individual businesses and firms in sectors that are less visible to the tax administration are more likely to get involved in evasive behaviour. Overall, institutional factors play an important role in determining firms’ tax evasion behaviour in transition economies. This finding has important policy implications.     

Rental markets for cultivated land and agricultural investments in China

The purpose of this paper is to empirically track the progress and consequences of the emergence of cultivated land markets in China since 2000. We draw on a set of nationwide, household‐level panel data (for 2000 and 2008) and find that the markets for cultivated land rental have emerged robustly. According to our data, 19 of China's cultivated land was rented in farm operators in 2008. We also find that the nature of China's cultivated land rental contracts has become more formal and lengthened the period of time that the tenant is able to cultivate the rented‐in plots. While there may be benefits for lessors and tenants, our data show that there are falling rates of investment in organic manure. The farmers in our sample have reduced organic manure use from 13 tons/ha in 2000 to 5 tons/ha in 2008. Part of this fall is due to the rise of cultivated land rental markets. The analysis, however, does not find that improved property rights in cultivated land rental affect investment largely because property rights have largely been established by 2000, the first year of our sample. Our results, however, also show that there are forces that appear to be mitigating the negative consequences of rising cultivated land rental. After holding constant initial rental rates and other factors, we find that the gap between investment in organic manure in own land and rented‐in land is narrowing. One interpretation of our findings is that if policymakers can find ways to even further strengthen the rights of lessors and tenants as well as lengthen contract periods, farmers—even those that rent—will invest more in their land, because they will be able to capture the returns to their investments.     

蛇纹石尾矿浸出液中金属的萃取分离

采用溶剂萃取法对蛇纹石尾矿酸性浸出液中的金属进行了萃取分离的研究。采用2-乙基己基膦酸单2-乙基己基酯(P507)萃取剂萃取浸出液中的Fe(Ⅲ)、Al(Ⅲ)和Ca(Ⅱ),使其与Ni(Ⅱ)、Mg(Ⅱ)分离,考察了P507浓度、皂化率、浸取液酸度及反萃剂浓度对各金属离子分离的影响,获得了最佳实验条件。之后用环烷酸提取Ni(Ⅱ),使其与Mg(Ⅱ)分离,考察了环烷酸萃取剂浓度、萃取级数、萃取时间及反萃剂浓度、相比和反萃级数对镍提取分离的影响。结果表明在适宜的萃取条件下可实现各金属之间的分离提纯,为蛇纹石尾矿的再利用提供了一条途径。     

Mortgage market credit conditions and U.S. Presidential elections

Voters punish incumbent Presidential candidates for contractions in the county-level supply of mortgage credit during market-wide contractions of credit, but do not reward them for expansions in mortgage credit supply in boom times. Our primary focus is the Presidential election of 2008, which followed an unprecedented swing from very generous mortgage underwriting standards to a severe contraction of mortgage credit. Voters responded to the credit crunch by shifting their support away from the Republican Presidential candidate in 2008. That shift was large and particularly pronounced in states that typically vote Republican, and in swing states. Without it McCain would have received half the votes needed in nine crucial swing states to reverse the outcome of the election. We extend our analysis to the Presidential elections from 1996 to 2012 and find that voters only react to contractions, not expansions, of credit, and reactions are similar for Democratic and Republican incumbent parties.     

基于P2P流媒体点播系统的研究

基于P2P的流媒体视频点播服务是现在影视服务的另一种模式。基于P2P流媒体点播系统由内容服务器、目录服务器和P2P节点构成。当前播放节点下载得到的媒体片段能为后续子节点提供相同的媒体点播服务,就能减轻了服务器的负载,达到低带宽下更多节点共同播放同一个媒体文件的目的。进行模拟实现证明服务器负载下降到原来30％左右。     

Private enforcement,corruption, and antitrust design

We examine how the rationale for enabling versus precluding private antitrust enforcement depends on whether antitrust enforcement is corruption-free or plagued by corruption. Corruption in courts affects the incentives to bring forth private antitrust lawsuits. This, in turn, along with corruption in antitrust agency enforcement, alters the incentives to commit antitrust violations. The social welfare effect of enabling private antitrust enforcement in the presence of corruption depends on whether corrupt officials in the ensuing bribery contests favor a particular firm and if so which one and to what extent. Under some circumstances, corruption actually increases the social desirability of private antitrust enforcement relative to the no-corruption scenario. Our analysis highlights that the effects of a given legal arrangement for antitrust enforcement critically depend on the corruption environment and, thus, that the appropriate design of antitrust institutions is context-specific.