Trends affecting the next generation of U.S. agricultural biotechnology: Politics, policy, and plant-made pharmaceuticals

This paper analyzes the structure and history of regulatory policies in the United States, focusing on recent regulatory changes due to the promise and threat posed by plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs). PMPs are the latest advance in the genetic engineering of plants and promise to produce medicines inexpensively and abundantly by using a range of different plants as factories to express active medicinal ingredients; however, PMPs may pose a risk to the public's health if they enter the food supply. How the benefits and risks of PMPs are addressed by the respective government's regulation and how this will affect what, if any, products make it to the marketplace and their ultimate success are of great concern to many different parties, ranging from consumers and farmers to health and food production industries. As a result, this paper addresses the history of agricultural biotechnology regulatory policy since 1972, arguing that three distinct periods may be identified: (1) from 1972 to 1986 when the new biotechnology was focused on scientific self-regulation in the laboratory; (2) from 1987 to 2002, as the technology was being developed and widespread release of certain technologies became more common and was not perceived as an environmental threat, regulations became increasingly laxer; and finally, (3) we argue that we are entering a third phase with a series of controversies over regulatory infractions involving genetically engineered (GE) plants and the potential threats posed by PMPs.     

浅议森林病虫害

我国是世界上自然灾害频繁发生和危害十分严重的国家,林业灾害是我过主要的自然灾害,"是不冒烟的林业火灾"是林业发展、生态建设的大敌。林业病虫害制约了生态建设的步伐,在新的历史时期,减少灾害,优化人居环境,实现可持续发展,亦成为我们目前需要研究的重大课题。     

应用过程方法规范设备工程监理服务（上）

设备工程监理（下简称‘设备监理”）是设备项目管理中一种专业化的监督管理服务。它除了具有其他服务的一般特性外,还具有专业的多样性、服务的从属性和服务质量评价的主观性等特点。文章通过对如何在这些独特性中找出能够标准化的‘规定动作”共同遵守,改变设备监理服务成为一种职业化行为等进行了阐述,提出应运用过程方法规范来提升设备监理服务质量。     

JOYO-B4型微机防误操作系统在西津电厂的应用

应用JOYO-B4型微机防误操作系统,可保证运行设备在倒闸操作时具备更高的安全性和可靠性,避免人为失误操作现象发生。     

Is Environmental Dumping Greater when Plants are Footloose?

We address concerns that globalisation gives national governments incentives to set weak environmental policies and that these incentives are particularly strong in industries where plants are footloose. Using a simple model of imperfect competition, we compare the environmental policies that would be set by non-cooperative governments for two different move structures—where governments set environmental policies after firms decide where to locate (market share game) and where governments set environmental policies before firms decide where to locate (location game). We show that the extent of environmental dumping in the market share game can be greater than in the location game.
JEL classification F 1; H 4; L 5; Q 2     

蓖麻历史小考与开发利用价值

一手抓粮食，一手抓油料，这是基本国策之一。蓖麻是我国主要的油料作物，其籽含油量高，油虽非食用，却是现代化学工业的多用途用原料。作者试图小考历史并针对它的社会及经济价值“吹吹风”，使这一农业资源象一叶致富小舟鼓起前进的风帆。     

植物细胞壁多聚糖类型与营养作用

概述了植物细胞壁果胶质、半纤维素多聚糖的类型及它们的功能性(营养)作用,重点介绍了谷物和大豆籽粒多聚糖。具有生物活性的植物多聚糖制备,对国内功能性膳食纤维研究有参考意义。     

地方中小酒企的行业环境分析与战略对策——以太原酒厂为例

以太原酒厂为例,运用五力模型分析地方中小酒企的行业竞争格局。地方中小酒企在行业环境中竞争较激烈,利润空间有限,需要做出重点差异化的战略选择,加强内部管理,培养人才,并要参与行业整合,组建战略联盟,赢得竞争优势。     

Economic analysis of the production of ready-to-eat ‘Gbegiri' bean mix powder

Economic evaluation of the industrial production of Gbegiri bean soup mix was conducted using the NPV (net present value) and IRR (internal rate of return) methods. A uniform cash flow over a 10-year plant life with zero salvage value was assumed. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the number of production days (330, 250 and 150 days) at 100% plant capacity and varying the plant capacity (100, 85 and 70%) for a 330-day production schedule. Some components of the operating cost reduced as the number of production days or the plant capacity were reduced. The production cost and product cost per unit increased with reduction in either the plant capacity utilisation or the number of days. The economic performance of the plant when operated for 150 days was not attractive. The results indicated that the plant should not be operated for less than 250 days in the year. Flexibility in the plant capacity utilisation in the range 70–100% yields a good economic performance.     

A qualitative study of high-reputation plant managers: Political skill and successful outcomes

There has been little systematic study of what plant managers actually do on a day-to-day basis that accounts for their success in achieving organizational outcomes. In our field interviews and observations of high-reputation plant managers from 11 manufacturing plants, we found that effective political skill enabled them to influence subordinates in ways that contributed positively to organizational outcomes. Political skill is an interpersonal style that combines social astuteness with the ability to relate well, and otherwise demonstrate situationally appropriate behavior in an engaging way that inspires confidence, trust, and genuiness [Ferris, G.R., Perrewé, P.L., Anthony, W.P., Gilmore, D.C., 2000. Political skill at work. Organizational Dynamics 28 (4), 25–37]. We observed that effective plant managers possessed a configuration of dispositional traits (self-motivation, sense of humility, and affability), systematically employed interpersonal behaviors (creating accountability, leading by example, and developing trust), and focused on managerial processes (stretch goals, influencing and learning from below, and empowering direct reports). By juxtaposing the political skill and power literatures, we propose a theory of plant manager effectiveness as a combination of political skill and the use of unobtrusive and systemic power to achieve both affective and substantive outcomes.