旅行社价格战的博弈分析

旅行社是旅游产品设计、组织和销售的渠道商以及消费者之间的桥梁.旅行社对旅游业具有重要影响，旅行社之间的价格竞争日益严重，盈利率低。随着我国加入世贸组织，越来越多的外国旅行社进入我国、针对我国旅行社如何走出困境，本文从博弈角度分析旅行社的价格竞争及其对策。     

Government as a discriminating monopolist in the financial market: the case of China

We show that the many unusual features of China’s financial markets are consistent with a government choosing regulations to maximize a standard type of social welfare function. Under certain conditions, these regulations are equivalent to imposing explicit taxes on business and interest income, yet should be much easier to enforce. The observed implicit tax rates are broadly in line with those observed in other countries. The theory also forecasts, however, that China will face increasing incentives over time to shift to explicit taxes.     

Linking Public Investment to Private Investment. The Case of Spanish Regions

Public investment constitutes one of the main instruments of regional policies. The existence of a direct link between infrastructure and regional income per capita is usually accepted. Literature also describes a positive effect of public investment on private capital accumulation. This paper seeks to provide new empirical evidence on this latter relationship for the case of Spanish regions over the period 1965–1997 using panel data methodology. The results show a positive effect of productive and social public investment (especially in education) on private investment. The spillover effects generated by the productive infrastructures located in other regions do not seem to encourage the private investment in neighbouring regions. Public consumption and interest rate exert a negative influence on private capital accumulation. These results are robust to changes in the econometric specification.     

价格歧视战略与福利效应分析

在完全竞争市场条件下 ,竞争均衡可实现帕累托最优效率。垄断市场一般很难提供价格等于边际成本的产量水平 ,其产量与价格选择对社会来说不是最优的。垄断厂商以内生范畴和外生范畴为基础对消费者进行分类 ,使得价格歧视成为一种可行战略。由于定价策略存在差异 ,不同类型的价格歧视便具有不同的福利效应。     

Gender differences in self‐employment

This paper examines the factors that influence transitions into self‐employment, paying particular attention to gender differences. We find that: (i) men are more responsive to the wage differential between wage/salaried employment and self‐employment; (ii) liquidity constraints are more important for men; and (iii) the link between father's self‐employment status and the probability of self‐employment is stronger for men. Taken together, these results suggest that, for women, self‐employment is a closer substitute for part‐time work and labour‐market inactivity than it is for men. We attribute such differences to the different labour market opportunities and occupational strategies of women.     

价格涨跌幅限制起到了助涨助跌作用吗?

价格涨跌幅限制是否具有助涨助跌作用对于判断涨跌幅限制的实施效果具有重要的意义。既有的研究表明 ,股价在发生涨跌停时存在一定的过度反应。然而 ,本研究发现 ,在股价发生涨跌停时 ,虽然涨跌幅限制不能完全消除过度反应 ,但是可以显著地减小而不是增大过度反应的程度。本研究还发现 ,价格涨跌停本身并不是导致过度反应的原因 ,因为股价不仅在涨跌停时存在过度反应 ,而且在大幅度变化但未达到涨跌停时也存在过度反应。本文据此认为 ,没有证据表明价格涨跌幅限制具有助涨助跌作用。     

Testing separability of public consumption in household decisions

In this paper we propose a sequential strategy, based on the microeconomic approach of the demand theory, in order to test for separability between private and public consumption. The aim of the present work is to verify, using a conditional almost ideal demand system, whether the different components of public consumption exert conditioning effects on the allocative structure of private spending. The empirical estimation of the model and the separability tests are developed for both a demand system in five functional categories of private spending, and for a demand system in six categories, where the private expenditures on those goods and services which can also be offered by the public sector are enclosed in a single functional category. The results of the separability tests, obtained using UK data for the 1974–2000 period, show that public individual consumption plays an important role in modifying consumer choices, while public collective consumption does not affect private consumption behaviours. The relationships between the different components of private spending and public individual consumption are both of substitutability and complementarity; in particular, we find that public individual consumption and the corresponding private expenditures on ‘Health, education, recreation and social protection’ are complements.     

农民收入问题与乡镇企业的发展方向

先以时间序列考察农民收入变动和乡镇企业发展的关系，再通过乡镇企业技术构成和就业弹性指标分析指出近年来乡镇企业在促进农村劳动力转移，增加农民收入方面的．问题主要是资本密集型增长方式导致吸纳劳动力能力下降，最后提出乡镇企业发展的方向是以城镇化为依托，选择适宜的增长方式，进一步提高农民收入。     

Progression and revenue effects of income tax reform

Usually, only initial revenue effects of personal income tax reforms are considered. However, a tax reform characterized by base broadening in exchange for rate reduction can reduce the income elasticity of tax revenue. In that case, the increase in revenue after income growth will be relatively smaller: the tax reform has a negative effect on revenue in the second period. Using the microtax model of the Central Planning Bureau we simulated the effects of the Dutch Oort reform 1990 on revenue elasticities and, consequently, on tax revenue. The income tax revenue elasticity declined by 17 percent which caused an additional revenue loss of 0.6 percent in 1990, rising to 3.8 percent in 1993.     

证券交易机制影响股价吗?——对中国股票市场的再检验

本文在对分别按照开盘价和收盘价计算的两种收益率的比较中发现了极值聚集现象 ,文中将形成这一现象的原因归结于市场中涨跌幅限制的存在 ,并建立了一个简单模型对此进行了说明。其后 ,利用市场中不存在涨跌幅限制时期的数据对该模型进行了验证。在结论部分 ,本文分析了除交易机制外造成两种收益率差异的其他因素 ,并认为有关交易机制对股价行为影响的研究有待深入。