游说竞争、信息披露与公共政策的走向

公共政策是调节各方面利益关系的产物,有组织的利益集团可以通过游说来影响公共政策,在政策制定过程中他们通过与某些决策的相关信息部门形成某种利益纽带。利益集团在相互竞争中形成某种制约性的力量,公共决策机制的设计就要充分利用利益集团之间的相互制衡,以达到公共权力分散和牵制的效果。     

财政政策的供给效应与经济发展

本文分析了发展中国家公共投资对私人资本积累的动态响应。针对公共资本的拥挤性特征 ,同时考虑财政投资可能引起的风险。在不考虑公共投资风险的分权经济中 ,由于公共资本和私人资本都处于短缺状态 ,企业争夺拥挤性公共资本而扩张私人资本的投资行为虽然使经济超常增长 ,但是存在过度投资和过度拥挤。在集中优化模型中 ,如果考虑到公共投资的风险 ,政府通过税收方式弥补公共投资风险 ,同时将企业投资产生的拥挤效应内部化 ,就能消除企业的过度投资和过度拥挤现象 ,使经济保持合理持续的增长。对中国这样的发展中国家 ,需要重视财政的供给效应 ,在经济起飞初期保证一定数量的政府资本性支出是必要的 ,但随着经济的不断发展和政府资本性支出累积的风险增加 ,财政转型十分必要。     

Local democracy implications for coastal zone management—A case study in southern Norway

Stakeholder participation is frequently recommended to ensure that public values are taken into account in the decision-making processes. However, few attempts have been made to analyse the extent to which increasing stakeholder participation actually leads to better representation of the public values. The main aim of this study is to obtain more insights about reasons why the most frequently applied form of stakeholder participation, i.e. the public hearings, may fail in representing the general public views and values when applied at a local level. A case study was conducted on policy formulations and decision-making in the coastal zone on the island Flekkerøy in southern Norway. Local- and regional-public authorities contributed in in-depth interviews and with written documentation to inform about a comprehensive stakeholder participation process that took place in the early 1990s. The main findings include that landowner interests, and not public views and values, were legitimised during the participatory process because of: (1) the landowner's strong local social power among inhabitants, (2) the design of the participatory processes favouring the landowner interests, (3) the personal relations between local landowners and public managers, and (4) the low representation of public views and values due to a problem of scale, i.e. the NIMBY syndrome. Based on our experience, we recommend improving representation of public views by changing the frequently applied participatory processes to also include citizens in addition to interest groups and experts.     

Drucker’s insights on market orientation and innovation: implications for emerging areas in high-technology marketing

In 1954, Drucker boldly declared that organizations have only two basic functions, marketing and innovation. While true for any organization, this insight is particularly pertinent for technology-based businesses. The complicated environment surrounding high-tech companies creates a great need for sophisticated marketing. Yet these companies continue to have under-developed competencies in marketing and in understanding customer needs. This essay explores Drucker’s insights with respect to two particularly salient issues for high-tech companies: developing and implementing a market orientation and break-through innovations. We review Drucker’s insights and synthesize them with the scholarly research on these issues. Finally, we discuss three emerging areas in high-tech marketing where academics and managers could build on Drucker’s insights to guide future research and practice: market driving, customer co-creation, and corporate social responsibility. These illustrative examples highlight that even today, Drucker’s writings continue to offer remarkable guidance to scholars and managers who are willing to take the time to reflect, understand, and incorporate his insights in the unique context of high-tech industries. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Internalising the costs of fragmentation and nutrient deposition in spatial planning: Extending a decision support tool for the Netherlands

The Land Use Scanner (LUS) is a decision support system for land use planning that is widely used in the Netherlands. The model yields solutions that have a high resolution (500×500 m) and reflect economic equilibrium in the land market, in which eighteen types of land use and nine aggregated habitat types competitively bid for locations. Here, an extension to the LUS is presented that enables the internalisation of environmental externalities. The focus in this study is on two important externalities, namely ammonia emissions from agriculture and habitat fragmentation. We simulate four IPCC-based land use scenarios and assess the level of fragmentation of the nine habitat types. We also perform sensitivity analyses in the most market-oriented scenario on the effectiveness of market-based instruments in promoting more efficient land allocation. The simulation results suggest that particularly the habitat type ‘rain-fed mires and bogs’ is susceptible to fragmentation. The sensitivity analyses show that internalising the damage costs of fragmentation resulted in smaller changes in land allocation than internalising those of nitrogen deposition. For both instruments, the policy effort was large in relation to the efficiency gains in land allocation.     

基于财政激励的农业资源利用正外部性研究

促进农业资源的利用,发挥农业资源的正外部性效应,是我国建立生态农业的重点内容,但目前我国推动市场主体积极开发和利用农业资源的财政激励制度并不完善。基于促进农业资源高效利用的目标,以外部性理论的运用为起点,从激励机制的视角研究促进农业资源利用的财政制度,可为我国完善促进农业资源利用的制度选择提供参考。为此,文章结合外部性理论和激励理论,分析了农业资源利用的外部性效应以及采用财政激励应遵循的基本原则,通过对比德国、日本、美国等国家促进农业资源利用所的采取制度,总结了德国、日本、美国等国家在促进农业资源利用中的共同经验,并提出了我国农业资源利用正外部性的财政激励路径,具体包括完善促进农业资源利用的法律激励制度、完善促进农业资源利用的资金补贴制度、完善促进农业资源利用的税收优惠制度、完善促进农业资源利用的管理激励制度等4个方面。     

加强公益性地质事业单位内部控制制度建设

随着国家对地质调查和科研项目的资金投入的逐年增长,加强对这类资金的收支管理与内部控制是非常必要的。为此,要求从事基础、社会公益性地质工作的事业单位要加强单位财务管理,强化内部控制制度建设。公益性地质事业单位内部控制中存在的问题：（1）内部控制制度不健全,对内控制度的认识不够重视,执行不力;（2）预算管理控制不严谨;（3）内部审计监督弱化。完善公益性地质事业单位内部控制制度应进一步完善内部控制规范制度,加强制度的执行力度;加强预算管理和预算控制;强化内部审计的作用。     

耕地保护补偿的经济学解释

研究目的:分析耕地保护补偿中的价值分配调整,为补偿标准核算和补偿模式设计奠定理论基础。研究方法:文献资料法和模型分析法。研究结果:耕地资源配置中的市场失灵和政府失灵是建立补偿机制的原因,耕地保护补偿是通过重新调整耕地价值分配、使耕地价值的外部性内部化的过程,其基本思路是"公平优先、效率跟进"。研究结论:根据福利经济学的边际生产率分配论以及外部性内部化的基本原理得到耕地保护补偿的三大基本条件,确定补偿提供者和接受者的依据是外部性的提供或接受情况;耕地保护主体的机会成本损失是补偿额的下限,而耕地为其他社会成员提供的正外部性价值应是补偿额的上限;应根据各地的占地压力实际进行梯度化补偿,对占地压力过大或过小地区进行补偿是不经济或没必要的。     

公共选择视野中的生态环境建设与治理

“退耕还林（草）”、“天然林保护”工程是典型的奥尔森式的集体行动。从公共政策选择的角度，运用奥尔森的集体行动逻辑理论分析其参与主体积极性降低问题，有利于发现深层原因并为该难题提供治理对策：一是构建参与主体特别是农民的偏好、利益诉求渠道；二是恰当运用“选择性刺激手段，，消除不公正性；三是调整成本——收益预算线提高参与者认可度。     

中国地区(制造业行业)间的技术溢出分析

技术溢出现象是指部门(可以是企业、地区或行业)进行研究开发活动获取的新知识会通过各种渠道(人员流动或有形产品的信息)溢出到别的部门,但本部门却不能为此收取任何报酬,于是其研究开发动力下降;另一方面,该部门也会得到来自其他部门的技术溢出,减小研究开发成本。通常,各部门会忽略自身研发对其他企业生产的影响,于是只有前一种作用存在,于是技术溢出会增加各部门的研究开发和专利生产数。本文通过构造了它们之间的技术相邻指标和技术溢出指标分析了中国三十个省、直辖市以及制造业行业之间的技术溢出特点,发现地区间的技术溢出与该地区的发展阶段存在紧密联系。通过回归证实了Spence模型的结论:即地区(制造业行业)间的技术溢出会使会使该地区(制造业行业)的研究开发投入上升,且专利申请数量上升。