股市暴涨暴跌的界定及比较——以中国、美国、英国、日本股市为例

本文运用经验分布函数对中、美、英、日四国股市的暴涨暴跌进行了界定,并对四国股市暴涨暴跌的表现进行了比较分析。相比其它三国,中国股市在过去15年间成长性最强,暴涨暴跌的幅度最大,表现出较强的"政策驱动型"特征。美、英、日股市的暴涨暴跌呈现出明显的"市场和事件驱动型"特征。英国和美国股市波动呈现出较强的同步性,但日本股市波动较为独特。政策建议上,各国应通力合作,以应对全球系统性风险对股市的影响;中国政府应加强股市的市场化建设,同时谨慎开放资本市场。     

Identifying the global transmission of the 2007–2009 financial crisis in a GVAR model

The paper analyses and compares the role that the tightening in liquidity conditions and the collapse in risk appetite played for the global transmission of the financial crisis. Dealing with identification and the large dimensionality of the empirical exercise with a Global VAR approach, the findings highlight the diversity of the transmission process. While liquidity shocks have had a more severe impact on advanced economies, it was mainly the decline in risk appetite that affected emerging market economies. The tightening of financial conditions was a key transmission channel for advanced economies, whereas for emerging markets it was mainly the real side of the economy that suffered. Moreover, there are some striking differences also within types of economies, with Europe being more adversely affected by the fall in risk appetite than other advanced economies.     

Cost-effective compensation to avoid carbon emissions from forest loss: An approach to consider price-quantity effects and risk-aversion

Analyses were carried out on financial compensation to avoid loss of tropical forests and related carbon (C) emissions when marginal financial yield declined for land-use options with extended areas, and when a risk-averting perspective (modeled according to financial theory around the capital asset pricing model) is assumed. The approach in this study was to consider natural forest, forest plantation, pasture, and cropland simultaneously to investigate how an optimized land-use distribution may reduce the amount of compensation necessary to avoid C emissions from forest loss.The financial compensations derived were as high as US$ 176 per hectare per year when comparing natural forests only with the most profitable alternative (croplands). However, compensation decreased to US$ 124 for risk-neutral decision-makers, who would strive for optimized land-use allocation, and to only US$ 47 per hectare per year for risk-avoiders, who would look to maximize the reward-to-variability ratio. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the compensation under risk-aversion increased much less than under risk-ignoring when increased productivity of agricultural land-use or growing demand for agricultural products was simulated. It was concluded that considering appropriate diversification strategies and the well documented human behavior to avoid risks is an important step in developing cost-effective compensation policies.     

Take a risk: Preferring prevention over control of biological invaders

Scientists have argued that invasive species can be managed most cost effectively with greater investments in prevention. Further, under ideas like the precautionary principle it is reasonable to expect that a cautious manager would use more prevention relative to control because it keeps more invaders out. Yet, this is not typically done. In many cases, private and public resources are invested primarily to control existing invaders rather than to prevent new invasions. Managers frequently wait until after invaders have arrived and then scramble to limit the damages. We believe these paradoxical decisions can be understood by recognizing the link between typical human preferences for risk bearing and the technology of risk reduction. We demonstrate quantitatively how managers perceived to be cautious or averse to risk tend to shy away from prevention relative to control. This counterintuitive result arises because control is a safer choice than prevention because its productivity is relatively less risky: it works to remove existing invaders from the system. In contrast, the productivity of prevention is more uncertain because prevention only reduces the chance of invasion, it does not eliminate it, and invasion may not occur even in the absence of prevention. Managers' averse to risk will inherently avoid as much uncertainty as possible, whether the source of uncertainty regards ecological outcomes or economic productivity. Implications for environmental decision making are clear. In invasive species management, if managers act as though they are risk averse, their caution can backfire when it leads to more control rather than prevention. The social consequences of this choice are a greater probability of future invasions and lower social welfare. Our results suggest that social welfare is highest when managers were willing to “take a risk” with prevention.     

Uncertainty and sustainability in the management of rangelands

We analyze a dynamic and stochastic ecological-economic model of grazing management in semi-arid rangelands. The ecosystem is driven by stochastic precipitation. A risk averse farmer chooses a grazing management strategy under uncertainty such as to maximize expected utility from farming income. Grazing management strategies are rules about which share of the rangeland is given rest depending on the actual rainfall in that year. In a first step we determine a myopic farmer's optimal grazing management strategy and show that a risk averse farmer chooses a strategy such as to obtain insurance from the ecosystem: the optimal strategy reduces income variability, but yields less mean income than possible. In a second step we analyze the long-run ecological and economic impact of different strategies. We conclude that a myopic farmer, if he is sufficiently risk averse, will choose a sustainable grazing management strategy, even if he does not take into account long-term ecological and economic benefits of conservative strategies.     

河北省工业碳排放情景预测与节能减排潜力分析

通过计算河北省工业能源终端消费的碳排放量,对2015年和2020年工业CO2排放的三种目标情景进行了预测。在此基础上,根据河北省有关规划设定的目标,分析了河北省六大高耗能行业的节能减排潜力,指出这些行业分别处于不同的节能减排难度空间。最后,根据各高耗能行业的节能减排难度,设计了单边突破、渐进式提升、跨越式发展和自我提升等节能减排路径。     

分式布朗运动模型下的金融市场风险度量--以上证指数为例

金融市场风险度量在金融风险度量乃至于整个金融风险管理过程中都具有十分重要的地位。本文基于2013年至2014年上证指数的收盘数据,通过对分式布朗运动驱动的随机微分方程进行离散化处理,用其解（分式几何布朗运动）模拟上证指数的未来走势。在此基础上,采用Monte Carlo模拟法模拟出上证指数的价值分布与损益分布。最后,在95％的置信水平下计算出上证指数的在险价值（ VaR）。相对于传统股票价格预测模型---布朗运动模型,分式布朗运动模型更符合金融问题本身;利用Monte Carlo模拟法不再借助于股票价格历史数据。故而本模型对市场金融风险的预测精度更高。     

我国林业上市公司信用风险研究——基于KMV模型

文章以我国沪深两市A股林业上市公司为研究对象,选取2007-2012年首次成为ST的8家公司和对应的8家非ST公司为研究样本,运用KMV模型研究我国林业上市公司信用风险。实证过程中,文章根据我国林业公司特点研究确定KMV模型中各参数的计算方法,计算出在不同违约点下各个样本的违约距离,主要结论:财务危机前非ST公司与ST公司的违约距离表现出显著差异,运用KMV模型能够有效识别我国林业上市公司的信用风险状况;我国林业上市公司的违约点应设定为短期负债加上50%长期负债;在研究连续两年违约距离的基础上,构建了我国林业上市公司两级信用风险预警体系。     

资源视角下知识产权风险对合作创新绩效影响实证研究

从理论视角探讨了创新合作企业资源的专有性与依赖性,以及合作中的知识产权投入与流失风险。梳理了资源专有性与依赖性对知识产权风险的影响,及其作用于创新绩效的机理。最后,在构建模型的基础上,以272个创新型企业数据为样本进行了实证分析。研究发现,资源专有性与依赖性导致知识产权流失与投入风险,并最终影响合作创新绩效。