Balance of payments accounting and exchange rate dynamics

The balance of payments is an accounting identity. Many wonder how the current and capital accounts, which add up to zero, can influence exchange rates. This paper shows how payment flows arising from balance of payments imbalances affect the demands for different currencies in the foreign exchange market over time. Based on a dynamical system approach, the paper demonstrates how international payments evolve depending on the joint dynamic behaviour of different balance of payments components. It finds that international payments and exchange rates interact in fundamentally different ways depending on whether a country restricts its capital inflows and outflows, whether capital flows are accommodating or autonomous and whether the exchange rate is fixed, flexible or, say, governed by a crawling peg. Empirical evidence from major industrial countries as well as from countries hit by currency crises support the paper's theoretical predictions.     

Retrospect of the Chinese Exchange Rate Regime after Reform： Stylized Facts during the Period from 2005 to 2010

In the present paper, we estimate the de facto RMB exchange rate regime, the currency basket, the floating band and the foreign exchange market pressure before and after the reform of the Chinese exchange rate regime in 2005. We find the following stylized facts： the value of the RAIB became stable after the reform; the weight of the US dollar remained high in the basket, while other currencies remained statistically significant; and the floating band gradually increased to lO percent during 2005-2008, and then greatly narrowed from the late summer of 2008 under the assumption of a yearly resetting interval. We find that the foreign exchange market pressure increased from 2005 to 2008. A possible reason is that the weight of the US dollar in the basket was slightly lower than the share of the US dollar in total transactions on the Chinese foreign exchange market. Therefore, it is reasonable for China to adopt a dollar peg exchange rate regime.     

机械密封式电缆贯穿件研制

核电站、核反应堆等核装置为了防止放射性物质外泄,在电缆穿墙(壁)时采用电缆贯穿件进行隔离。通常电缆贯穿件需将电缆截断采用插接件进行密封,插接式电缆贯穿件密封性能容易保证,密封可靠,泄漏率可达到极小。但加工零件多、精度要求较高,制造成本高。特别是对于大电流动力电缆和要求较高的信号同轴电缆,容易产生插接电极发热过大和信号衰减。为了满足工程需要,采用不截断电缆,不破坏电缆护套,本文研制了一套试验样机。样机经过密封性能、电气性能和抗震试验的验证。样机的的各项技术指标满足工程要求,泄漏率小于1×10-7Pa.m.3s-1。     

从非稳态出发探讨影响经济增长的因素——一个基于索洛模型的分析

在大多数模型化的经济增长理论中,首先考察的是经济如何达到长期均衡,然后分析一旦经济偏离了均衡增长将如何运行,是否能够重新收敛于长期均衡点。因此遵循均衡—偏离均衡—均衡的分析思路。而在现实生活中,我们所观察到的多是非充分就业下的非均衡的复杂经济状况。本文试图在索洛增长模型的基础上,在非充分就业环境的假定下探讨经济增长以及与之相关的经济运行问题。并且部分地尝试用其解释我国目前的经济运行情况。     

电力市场效率评估与碳市场价格设计——基于电碳市场关联视角下的传导率估计

厘清并量化电力市场与碳市场间的关联关系,是深化电力市场改革与实现"双碳"目标的重要抓手。本文基于2006—2018年中国100个地级及以上城市的面板数据,使用似不相关回归模型评估了电力市场效率,在此基础上研究了电、碳市场关联条件下碳价对电价的传导率,并对不同场景下全国碳市场的碳价进行了优化设计。研究发现:(1)与非试点地区相比,碳市场试点地区中电力市场的无谓损失率更低,并且市场效率的提高具有更高的碳减排作用。(2)电、碳市场关联条件下,碳价对电力市场中居民电价的传导率高于对工业电价的传导率,但均远低于完全竞争条件下的传导率水平。(3)传导率的提升能够缓解"降电价"与"碳减排"之间的矛盾。当前传导率下电力市场效率目标与碳减排目标的协同实现需要碳价的大幅提升,而在完全传导的理想情况下最优碳价约为40元/吨。(4)长期而言,当前传导率下碳排放总量下降场景、经济增速放缓场景对应的最优碳价分别为255.05元/吨、173.63元/吨,而人口老龄化场景并未对最优碳价的设置形成约束。本文的研究不仅为电力市场与碳市场之间的关联奠定了理论基础,也为全国碳市场价格机制的优化设计提供了政策参考。     

"可税与否"未改变我国GDP与税收的基本关系——基于1978～2005年数据的实证检验

文章对我国GDP构成中不可税部分加以剔除,计算出1978~2005年可税GDP。使用相关性分析和时间序列分析的方法,研究了我国1978~2005年税收和可税GDP的总量及增量之间的关系,以及税收与可税GDP增长率之间的关系。研究结果发现:税收、可税GDP的总量和增量是协整的,并且具有高度的相关性。可税GDP增长率与税收增长率的相关性微弱,并且实际GDP增长率对实际税收增长率的解释能力很低。对照剔除前的计算结果,文章发现对GDP不可税部分的剔除并没有明显改变税收与GDP在总量、增量和增长率方面的基本关系。     

比较劣势产品出口受汇率变动影响的概率分析

2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革后,人民币呈现出升值趋势.汇率的波动会影响贸易,一方面可能影响贸易收支,另一方面也会影响贸易结构.本文在前人研究的基础上,使用二元选择模型分析了我国1999年1月至2006年6月期间我国处于比较劣势的商品对日出口受汇率变动影响的概率,以此来反映人民币汇率变动可能对我国出口结构的影响,并提出相关建议.     

人民币实际汇率变动对我国进出口贸易影响:1997-2006

本文选取1997-2006年的月度数据,运用VAR方法,考虑了FDI存量和我国加工贸易特征的影响后,对贸易收支与人民币实际汇率变动关系进行了动态分析,并得出如下结论:人民币实际有效汇率的变动显著影响了我国贸易收支;短期内J曲线效应存在,时滞约为5个月;汇率变动对进出口贸易影响的同向性明显;我国贸易收支的收入效应大于价格效应等.     

我国财政收入体制特征和改革路径

本文从我国财政收入体制的实质、特征和改革路径进行了多视角、全方位剖析。指出一国财政收入的实质,是一国政府怎样去筹集收入,筹集多少,用什么形式去筹集和向谁收入等大问题。特别是从我国财政收入的总量、结构和增速三个层面,概括了我国财政收入体制具有大而失度、多而繁杂和快而失序等三大特征。进而又提出了"多用税、广用债、深减费"的改革路径和政策建议。     

Estimating the Equilibrium Effective Exchange Rate for Potential EMU Members

In this study, we attempt to examine the possibility of emergence of significant fluctuations of the exchange rates in the future for the candidate EMU countries. In doing so, we estimate the equilibrium rate of the nominal effective exchange rate for Poland, Hungary, Slovak Republic and Malta through the BEER and PEER approaches. While the PEER-based estimation implies a large misalignment rate for the Hungarian forint, the BEER-based analysis shows that the present exchange rates of the countries considered do not deviate significantly from their equilibrium rates. As a consequence, based on BEER analysis, we do not expect large fluctuations in the effective exchange rates among the currencies considered. Hence, the relevant effective exchange rates are expected to be relatively stable. As a matter of fact, the entry of those countries into EMU is not expected to weaken the stability of Euro.