On the cost-benefit of the regionalisation of the National Health Service

In this paper we analyse in formal terms the desirability of the regionalisation of a National Health Service. The policy consists of a devolution process, i.e. the increase in the health services provision to be decided by a region and financed by an increase in its revenues. The change is a marginal one, as it regards the part of supply of the health services exceeding a minimum standard, which for purposes of equity is maintained uniform in the national territory. As the central government is responsible for this component of the provision of health care (a federal “mandate”), the level of the said component is chosen by this authority and financed by federal taxation. Moreover, the government also applies an equalisation scheme based on the difference between a standard level of tax revenues and the revenues which the region is deemed able to raise for this purpose. Within the theoretical context of welfare improving reforms with distortionary taxation, we derive two conditions which focus on the regional, as well as the social, convenience of regionalisation. Received: May 5, 1999 / Accepted: January 21, 2000     

收入差距、位置消费与社会稳定

适度、合理的收入差距,不仅是激励人们竞争,促进发展的重要务件,也是位置消费产生的基本条件;但过分悬殊的收入差距则不仅会影响人们的社会心理,不利于提高有效消费,而且可能产生畸形的位置消费行为,甚至会因此影响社会的稳定.在分析和研究目前收入分配问题时,应当从位置消费的新视角研究它们对社会稳定的影响.研究位置消费有利于我们从人们相互比较的满意度中观察改革的效果,权衡各项利弊得失,并及时地采取微调措施,尽可能地减少改革的摩擦和阻力.     

不确定性情况下的居民资产组合行为与中国金融结构变迁

转轨经济的一个显著特点是各项制度不断变化,制度变迁带来的不确定性对居民资产选择行为产生重要影响,进而影响和决定了金融结构的形成与变迁.     

The hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in Asian countries - evidence using an asymmetric cointegration approach

ABSTRACT

This study examines the four commonly tested hypotheses in hydroelectricity consumption – economic growth literature for 12 Asian countries. Our results from a recently developed hidden cointegration technique uncover rich and significant relationships between negative and positive components of the variables under consideration. In particular, we find evidence to support the neutrality hypothesis in five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand), the growth hypothesis in four countries (India, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan), and both growth and conservation hypotheses in three countries (China, Malaysia, and New Zealand). These findings suggest that appropriate economic policies should be elaborated on the basis of the country’s specific hydroelectricity consumption–growth nexus. Finally, our new evidence suggests that the lack of stable relationship between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth documented in previous studies for some of these countries could be due to the failure to properly account for the nonlinearity property in the data.     

基于BSC的服务创新成长绩效评估

服务经济时代的全面来临,促使我们以一种全新的视角来关注和审视现代企业的服务创新.服务创新是企业实现跨越式发展的重要途径,服务创新的根本目的在于实现企业的可持续成长.通过引入BSC(平衡记分卡)测评工具,可建立起一个涵盖财务、客户、内部流程与组织学习等方面的服务创新成长绩效的综合评估框架和模型,该评估模型能够分析滞后型结果指标与领先型驱动指标之间的因果关系,从而为改进服务创新绩效指明控制关键.     

实行消费启动化解经济风险

我国经济增长一直居于高位，但已有几种伴生现象，主要是商品过剩、资金过剩和失业率上升，正蕴育着一些风险或危机。这三者都是由生产过剩所引起。生产过剩意味着消费相对于生产已严重滞后。因此，要根治生产过剩，化解经济风险，关键是大力促进消费增长，并以消费启动经济运行全过程。坚持以消费带动投资增长，这是消费启动所固有的内涵和基本要求。     

扩大消费需求推进经济增长方式转变

消费需求与经济增长方式相互联系,相互制约.转变经济增长方式是现阶段居民消费需求状况的客观要求.当前,要充分发挥消费需求对经济增长方式的推动作用,促进经济增长方式转变.     

Testing separability of public consumption in household decisions

In this paper we propose a sequential strategy, based on the microeconomic approach of the demand theory, in order to test for separability between private and public consumption. The aim of the present work is to verify, using a conditional almost ideal demand system, whether the different components of public consumption exert conditioning effects on the allocative structure of private spending. The empirical estimation of the model and the separability tests are developed for both a demand system in five functional categories of private spending, and for a demand system in six categories, where the private expenditures on those goods and services which can also be offered by the public sector are enclosed in a single functional category. The results of the separability tests, obtained using UK data for the 1974–2000 period, show that public individual consumption plays an important role in modifying consumer choices, while public collective consumption does not affect private consumption behaviours. The relationships between the different components of private spending and public individual consumption are both of substitutability and complementarity; in particular, we find that public individual consumption and the corresponding private expenditures on ‘Health, education, recreation and social protection’ are complements.     

政府责任与中国乳品消费的扩展

从政府责任的角度，提出“完全信息”假设强合理性的观点，从而恢复了新古典经济学关于“完全信息”假设合理性的本来地位。在此基础上，提出政府监管对乳品质量相对完全信息的提供以及对乳品消费拓展具有重要作用。并就政府乳品安全监管机制的选择以及政府在乳品消费习惯形成中的责任进行了探讨。     

商业保险对居民消费影响研究——基于中国省级面板数据的经验证据

当前中国经济社会处于快速转型期,伴随着改革进程的不确定性风险日趋凸显,成为制约居民消费进一步扩张的重要因素。本文采用2003~2017年中国省级面板数据,考察了商业保险对居民消费行为的影响效应及其作用机制。研究发现,以商业保险密度和保险强度为表征的商业保险发展对居民消费有着显著正向影响,相较于农村居民消费,商业保险对城镇居民呈现更强的消费效应,同时财产保险消费效应明显高于人身保险对居民消费影响,进一步地,中介效应检验发现,不确定性缓解可能是商业保险影响居民消费的一个重要机制。基于此,本文认为,构筑完善的商业保险服务体系对于启动居民消费具有重要意义。