工业智能化如何影响城乡收入差距——来自农业转移劳动力就业视角的解释

随着智能制造装备在各行业的不断普及,其对劳动力就业的影响逐渐加深。基于2001~2016年中国省级面板数据与流动人口监测数据,本研究从劳动力的就业行为与收入视角,采用动态空间面板模型评估了工业智能化对城乡收入差距的影响。结果表明,工业智能化显著扩大了城乡收入差距。在人口大规模跨区域流动背景下,这一效应具有明显的空间外溢性。进一步的检验与机制分析发现,工业智能化显著降低了农业转移人口的收入水平与工作稳定性,不利于农业转移人口稳定迁移,且这种影响存在明显的个体异质性。本研究的研究结论为政府持续加大农村教育投入与职业技能培训投入给予了实证支持,也为推进财政体制改革方向提供了启示。     

Identifying strategic interactions in Swedish local income tax policies

This paper uses data on Swedish local governments to test for strategic interaction in local tax setting. We make use of a number of indirect predictions from the theories of tax competition and yardstick competition in order to test for the presence of strategic interaction in these forms. Using such additional predictions of the theories serves a twofold purpose—first it helps us establish if the spatial coefficient is due to strategic interactions or merely reflecting spatial error correlation, and second, it helps identify the source of interaction. The analysis provides strong evidence for spatial correlation in tax rates among Swedish local governments. Moreover, we find weak evidence of tax competition effects in the setting of tax rates.     

Social choice and electoral competition in the general spatial model

This paper extends the theory of the core, the uncovered set, and the related undominated set to a general set of alternatives and an arbitrary measure space of voters. We investigate the properties of social preferences generated by simple games; we extend results on generic emptiness of the core; we prove the general nonemptiness of the uncovered and undominated sets; and we prove the upper hemicontinuity of these correspondences when the voters’ preferences are such that the core is nonempty and externally stable. Finally, we give conditions under which the undominated set is lower hemicontinuous.     

中国制造业空间结构变动及其对区域分工的影响

本文针对空间经济学所关注的区位锁定效应,提出了产业空间结构变动"过程"和"结果"的度量方法;应用制造业数据计算发现,1996—2005年期间,中国制造业空间结构变动过程和结果都同时表现出聚集和扩散两类特征,其中聚集占绝对优势。另外,在改进产业结构相似系数的基础上,重新计算了1996—2005年区域产业结构冲突指标,以及各行业对该指标贡献率,发现扩散过程对于区域产业结构冲突的贡献远大于聚集过程,接受扩散且被聚集的地区产业结构冲突性最强。     

Determinants of House Prices: A Quantile Regression Approach

OLS regression has typically been used in housing research to determine the relationship of a particular housing characteristic with selling price. Results differ across studies, not only in terms of size of OLS coefficients and statistical significance, but sometimes in direction of effect. This study suggests that some of the observed variation in the estimated prices of housing characteristics may reflect the fact that characteristics are not priced the same across a given distribution of house prices. To examine this issue, this study uses quantile regression, with and without accounting for spatial autocorrecation, to identify the coefficients of a large set of diverse variables across different quantiles. The results show that purchasers of higher-priced homes value certain housing characteristics such as square footage and the number of bathrooms differently from buyers of lower-priced homes. Other variables such as age are also shown to vary across the distribution of house prices.

Developing a Continuous Space Representation of a Simulated Population

Abstract

Spatial microsimulation models typically match census of population data with survey data in order to simulate synthetic populations of individuals and households within small-scale geographic areas. For most spatial microsimulation applications this level of spatial precision is satisfactory. For others, more precise information on the location of simulated units may be required. To this end this paper develops a continuous space representation of a simulated population. It presents a statistical matching approach for assigning simulated households from a spatial microsimulation model to unique spatially-referenced residential locations. The allocation is based on a random assignment after splitting the simulated households into two groups: those predicted to reside in apartments and those predicted to reside in houses. The resulting ‘geohouseholds’ have a range of potential applications in economic and spatial analysis.

Création d'une représentation spatiale continue d'une population stimulée

Résumé Les modèles de microsimulation spatiale assortissent généralement les données de recensement de la population à des données de sondages, afin de simuler des populations synthétiques de particuliers et de foyers au sein de régions géographiques à échelle restreinte. Dans la plupart des applications de microsimulation spatiale, ce niveau de précision spatiale est satisfaisant. Dans d'autres, des informations plus précises sur l'emplacement d'unités simulées pourront s'avérer nécessaires. A cette fin, la présente communication crée une représentation spatiale continue d'une population simulée. Elle présente une méthode de correspondance statistique permettant d'affecter des foyers simulés, issus d'un modèle de microsimulation spatiale à des lieux résidentiels unique à référence spatiale. Cette allocation est basée sur une affectation aléatoire après la subdivision des foyers simulés en deux groupes : ceux dont on prévoit qu'ils résideront en appartement, et ceux dont on prévoit qu'ils résideront dans un maison. Les « géofoyers » résultants présentent toute une série d'applications potentielles pour les analyses économiques et spatiales.

Desarrollo de una representación espacial continua de una población simulada

Extracto Típicamente, los modelos de microsimulación espacial emparejan el censo de datos de la población con datos de encuestas, con objeto de simular poblaciones sintéticas de individuos y hogares dentro de áreas geográficas a pequeña escala. Para la mayoría de las aplicaciones de microsimulación espacial este nivel de precisión espacial es satisfactorio. Para otras, podría requerirse información más precisa sobre la ubicación de unidades simuladas. Con este objetivo, este trabajo desarrolla la representación espacial continua de una población simulada. Presenta un planteamiento de emparejamiento estadístico para asignar hogares simulados procedentes de un modelo de microsimulación espacial a ubicaciones residenciales únicas referenciadas espacialmente. La colocación se basa en una asignación al azar después de dividir los hogares simulados en dos grupos: los que se predice que residirán en apartamentos y los que se predice que residirán en casas. Los ‘geohogares’ resultantes ofrecen una gama de aplicaciones en potencia en el análisis económico y espacial.

     

基于空间计量的金融集聚及其影响因素分析

本文采用区位基尼系数和区位熵指数测度2001~2010年中国金融产业的集聚程度,并用Moran’sI指数和散点图检验金融集聚的空间自相关的存在。考虑空间自相关性,建立空间计量模型,考察了经济规模、人力资本、政府作用、对外开放以及信息化水平等因素对金融集聚的影响,结果表明：一定的经济规模是金融集聚产生的基础,但需谨慎制定金融中心建设规划;丰裕的人力资源、有力的政府支持和先进的信息化水平是金融集聚形成的重要条件;目前的对外开放自由程度与金融集聚发展需要不相匹配。     

Spatial diffusion of a new loyalty program through a retail market

Retailers who wish to launch new innovations into their markets can be much more effective if they understand the geographic forces which affect consumer adoption of those innovations. A research field which studies this process is spatial diffusion. This paper explores and models the processes and driving forces of spatial diffusion across a market area following the launch of a new loyalty card program by a national retailer. Event history modeling is used to estimate the effects of distance, the impact of the firm’s marketing efforts, and the role of previous adopters in influencing the speed and spatial pattern of the adoption process. The results, in addition to yielding new insights into the processes involved in spatial diffusion, support previous findings on the importance of targeting the Innovator adopter group in a new product launch.     

Spatial Cournot competition and economic welfare: a note

We investigated welfare implications in location-quantity models in a symmetric linear city. We found that when firms are not agglomerated in equilibrium, increasing the distance between firms raises (reduces) producer surplus and social welfare (consumer surplus). Moreover, central agglomeration is always optimal for consumers among symmetric locations, but not necessarily for producers. Central agglomeration can be inefficient even if it is the unique equilibrium outcome. In short, the firms are more likely to agglomerate or locate closer than what welfare maximizers would dictate, whereas they locate farther apart than what consumer surplus maximizers would recommend.     

Methods, results and policy implications of poverty and food security mapping assessments

The importance of poverty reduction to the world development agenda has motivated greater interest in the geographic dimensions of poverty and food security. This special issue of Food Policy includes examples of poverty and food security mapping used to support policy development in agricultural and rural areas. The volume includes eight country case studies and one cross-country comparison that illustrate advances in our capacity to assess welfare over large areas and at detailed spatial resolutions. Poverty mapping facilitates assessments of the role of environmental factors on the broad spatial pattern of poverty and food security. Evaluating proximity and accessibility in welfare outcomes can improve our knowledge of poverty patterns and processes. Spatial statistics can enhance our understanding of geographic and neighbourhood effects on poverty and food security outcomes. The development of effective policies requires increased collaboration among stakeholders, researchers and policy makers in constructing and using poverty and food security maps.