碳交易与碳税机制比较研究

碳税和碳交易作为主要的碳减排政策工具被大多数重视碳减排的国家所采用。基于对比碳税与碳交易在理论基础、效果成本、减排效果、监督机制以及未来适应性等方面的差异,结合两种政策的执行现状和中国国情,中国应建立碳排放交易与适度碳税相结合的复合政策,降低碳排量,以应对日益凸显的环境问题。     

我国财政分权体制下农民工公共服务权利的缺失

农民工权利的保证包括诸多方面,其中很重要的一个方面就是其社会保障和公共服务权利的获得。社会保障和公共服务的提供主要依靠政府,但目前我国财政分权体制的现状导致中央和地方政府的权责存在一定程度的不一致性,地方政府在为农民工提供社会保障和公共服务上缺乏主动性、积极性。本文对此进行了分析并提出相应的政策建议。     

The nature of the steady state in models of optimal growth under uncertainty

Summary. We study a one-sector stochastic optimal growth model with a representative agent. Utility is logarithmic and the production function is of the Cobb-Douglas form with capital exponent . Production is affected by a multiplicative shock taking one of two values with positive probabilities p and 1-p. It is well known that for this economy, optimal paths converge to a unique steady state, which is an invariant distribution. We are concerned with properties of this distribution. By using the theory of Iterated Function Systems, we are able to characterize such a distribution in terms of singularity versus absolute continuity as parameters and p change. We establish mutual singularity of the invariant distributions as p varies between 0 and 1 whenever . More delicate is the case . Singularity with respect to Lebesgue measure also appears for values such that . For and Peres and Solomyak (1998) have shown that the distribution is a.e. absolutely continuous. Characterization of the invariant distribution in the remaining cases is still an open question. The entire analysis is summarized through a bifurcation diagram, drawn in terms of pairs .Received: 9 April 2002, Revised: 29 October 2002, JEL Classification Numbers: C61, O41.Correspondence to: Tapan MitraThis research was partially supported by CNR (Italy) under the "Short-term mobility" program and by M.U.R.S.T. (Italy) National Group on "Nonlinear Dynamics and Stochastic Models in Economics and Finance" . We are indebted to Rabi Bhattacharya for providing us with the reference to Solomyak's (1995) paper. The present version has benefitted from comments by Mukul Majumdar and two anonymous referees.     

Convenient estimators for the panel probit model: Further results

Bertschek and Lechner (1998) propose several variants of a GMM estimator based on the period specific regression functions for the panel probit model. The analysis is motivated by the complexity of maximum likelihood estimation and the possibly excessive amount of time involved in maximum simulated likelihood estimation. But, for applications of the size considered in their study, full likelihood estimation is actually straightforward, and resort to GMM estimation for convenience is unnecessary. In this note, we reconsider maximum likelihood based estimation of their panel probit model then examine some extensions which can exploit the heterogeneity contained in their panel data set. Empirical results are obtained using the data set employed in the earlier study. Helpful comments and suggestions by Irene Bertschek and Michael Lechner are gratefully acknowledged. This paper has also benefited from comments by two anonymous referees and from seminar participants at the Center for Health Economics at the University of York. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the author.     

国家实验室体系构建与制度创新：理论依据与实施机制

国家实验室是国家科技创新体系的重要组成部分,在国家发展战略中发挥着重要作用。目前,鲜有研究针对国家实验室体系构建进行理论阐述及体制机制探讨。以我国布局国家实验室体系为研究背景,探讨国家实验室体系构建的现实逻辑,结合国家创新系统理论、协同创新理论和合作博弈理论,剖析国家实验室制度创新的理论依据。结果表明：(1)国家创新系统理论是国家创新驱动发展战略的行动指南,也是推动国家实验室发展的重要依据;(2)协同创新理论强调各类创新要素协调合作与相互作用,有助于国家实验室体系实现整体效应最大化;(3)合作博弈理论探讨决策主体均衡问题,对于实验室与外部单位建立良好互信决策机制大有裨益。基于理论分析,围绕政策引导、运行成长、利益共享和风险分担4个方面体制机制创新,提出国家实验室体系构建的政策建议。未来,国家实验室体系研究需要进一步围绕基础理论和实证研究(驱动因素、运行成效和科学评价)等进行深入探讨。     

公众健康权与药品专利权:利益冲突及其政策选择

药品专利权与公众健康权的冲突由来已久,通过政府药品管制及现存法律制度提供的强制许可与平行进口路径,并不能得到有效解决冲突。政府基于责任伦理在国民收入第二次分配中的补偿机制,应当是现阶段公众健康权实现的较为可行的政策选择。     

美国地球观测系统能力及未来发展重点

地球观测,即准确详尽地获取地球系统中物理、化学和生物各类信息,是人类应对环境和资源压力,保护民众生命和财产安全,促进社会经济发展的重要保障。2010年6月美国发布并实施国家空间政策,强调将加大地球环境和气候空间观测系统建设力度;同年9月,白宫科学和技术政策办公室制定了地球观测战略规划。本文归纳了当前新形势对地球观测的新要求,总结了美国地球观测能南现状,指明了其未来短期内系统和能力建设重点。     

通胀的成本因素、传导机制及其区域差异——基于中国省际面板数据的实证研究

以1996～2010年我国企业生产要素和劳动力成本的面板数据,对国内成本推动型通胀的影响因素从传导机制、地区差异等方面进行了较为深入的探索性研究。研究发现,1996～2010年间劳动力工资和国际大宗商品价格是推动中国通胀的两大重要成本因素。其中,国际大宗商品价格主要通过企业生产要素价格推高我国通胀,而国际油价则通过企业劳动力成本推动国内通胀;另外中、西部地区通胀来自劳动力成本的压力较为明显,但东部地区压力相对较小;同时中部地区通胀能够有效地避免国际大宗商品价格的冲击,而东、西部地区通胀却遭受较为严重的大宗商品价格冲击。     

产业生态理论视角下湖北省科技服务业发展政策支持体系研究

科技服务业是现代服务业的重要组成部分,是区域科技创新体系的重要支撑。科技服务业的发展对产业结构升级与区域创新能力提升具有重要推动作用。从产业生态理论视角,探讨科技服务业发展生态系统,阐述湖北省科技服务业发展概况及生态环境,在此基础上构建湖北省科技服务业政策支持体系框架,并提出政策取向。     

科技创新与金融创新耦合系统脆弱性及政府干预

从理论上论述了政府干预科技创新与金融创新耦合系统脆弱性的必要性、途径及作用机制。基于以耦合系统内部结构为表征的实体子系统脆弱性和以公共创新环境、耦合系统综合效益为测评工具的虚像子系统脆弱性3个维度构建耦合系统脆弱性指数,分别采用静态面板固定效应回归及动态面板两阶段系统GMM回归,实证检验了我国政府干预对耦合系统脆弱性的实质影响。研究表明：在各类干预举措中,政府采购政策与知识产权保护政策效应明显,特别是知识产权保护政策效应潜力巨大;财政政策领域明显存在过度干预现象,其它政策效应或不显著或有违初衷,亟待调整与完善。