Decomposition of energy-related CO2 emission over 1991-2006 in China

This paper presents a decomposition analysis of energy-related CO₂ emission in China for the period 1991-2006 divided into three equal time intervals. The complete decomposition method developed by Sun is used to analyze the nature of the four factors: CO₂ intensity, energy intensity, structural changes and economic activity. The results show that economic activity has the largest positive effect in CO₂ emission changes in all the major economic sectors and China has achieved a considerable decrease in CO₂ emission mainly due to the improved energy intensity. However, the impact of CO₂ intensity and structural changes is relatively small. Structural changes only exhibit positive effect to the CO₂ mitigation in agricultural sector, and CO₂ intensity also contributes to the decrease of CO₂ emission in transportation sector. Moreover, a formula about CO₂ mitigation is presented in this paper, which shows that China has made a significant contribution to reducing global CO₂ emission.     

中国省域碳排放权分配——基于环境FCAM

考虑CO_2排放的非期望产出特性,以最大化整体平均效率为目标,构建省域碳排放权分配的环境固定成本分摊模型(FCAM)。对世袭制、平等主义和支付能力三种公平分配原则下的省域碳排放权初始分配结果进行加权组合,从而获得综合公平原则下的省域碳排放权分配方案。以基于环境FCAM的分配方案趋同综合公平原则下的分配方案为目标,构建优化模型,以融合效率和公平。2020年省域碳排放权分配结果表明:最终分配方案在达到效率最优的同时,属于"绝对平均",较好地融合了效率和公平;基于强度减排压力和总量减排压力对30个样本省进行分类的结果基本一致。最后,针对四类省区的具体情况提出了相应的减排建议。     

Timing and Commitment of Environmental Policy,Adoption of New Technology,and Repercussions on R&;D

We investigate the interplay between environmental policy, incentives to adoptnew technology, and repercussions on R&D. We study a model where a monopolistic upstream firm engages in R&D and sells advanced abatement technology to polluting downstream firms. We consider four different timing and commitment regimes of environmental tax and permit policies: ex post taxation (or issuing permits), interim commitment to a tax rate (a quota of permits) after observing R&D success but before adoption, and finally two types of ex antecommitment before R&D activity, one with a unique tax rate (quota of permits), the other one with a menu of tax rates (permit quotas). We study the second best tax and permit policies and rank these with respect to welfare. In particular, we find that commitment to a menu of tax rate dominates all other policy regimes.     

EU ETS碳排放权期货研究综述

全球气候问题受到各国政府及国际组织的广泛重视,减少温室气体排放已经成为国际社会关注的焦点之一。以欧盟排放交易体系（EU ETS）为例,将有关碳排放权期货的研究文献进行梳理,并按照碳排放权配额的分配方案、影响碳排放权配额价格的主要因素以及碳排放权期货价格和现货价格之间的关系三方面展开,最后简述国际碳排放权市场给我国带来的启示。     

基于公平发展视角的碳减排国际比较

发达国家和发展中国家对认定碳排放历史责任、分配碳减排任务还存在诸多争议,使得应对全球气候变化的国际碳减排合作机制充满变数。构建国际面板数据模型分析32个发达国家和17个发展中国家1971—2009年经济增长对二氧化碳排放的影响程度,结果表明：碳排放的收入弹性系数呈现增长趋势,其中发达国家碳排放的收入弹性系数一直大于发展中国家,2005年后也没有严格履行碳减排义务;同时,《京都议定书》规定的碳减排双重政策也没有造成产业非正常转移。从各国公平拥有经济发展权的角度来看,当前要求发展中国家承担硬性碳减排义务并不公平,应该用碳排放的收入弹性系数来评价各国碳减排效果。     

影响我国排污权交易政策实施的环境主体利益分析

结合污染物的总量控制和排污许可证制度,我国已经进行了10多年的各类排污权交易试点工作。但是,排污权交易却至今未能形成一个全国统一的环境政策。本文根据新制度经济学的基本原理从环境空间主体利益、环境消费主体利益两个方面的分析表明,我国的排污权交易政策之所以至今未能在全国全面实施,主要是以利益为核心的一系到因素所促成的。     

纺织企业节能减排技术创新的困境及对策研究——以宁波为例

通过对宁波纺织企业节能减排技术创新中面一临问题的调查分析,提出了促进宁波纺织企业节能减排技术创新水平的对策：实施财税激励政策以降低企业节能减排技术创新成本;促成纺织企业联盟以增强中小企业节能减排技术创新能力;建立政府干预与市场运作相结合的节能减排技术服务平台。     

Optimal Environmental Policy Differentials in Open Economies under Emissions Constraints

Is there a case for preferential treatment of the exposed sector in an economy when compliance to an aggregate emissions constraint induced by an international environmental agreement is mandatory? This question is being debated in many countries in the context of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. We address the issue in a general equilibrium framework and theoretically cover several market structures, including perfect competition, the large country case and oligopoly. We identify the conditions under which preferential treatment of the exposed sector is not warranted from the point of view of maximizing social welfare. In addition, we demonstrate that in the case of oligopoly, instituting a more stringent environmental policy on the exposed sector might be profit-enhancing for this sector. This finding lends theoretical support to a specific interpretation of the Porter hypothesis.     

碳金融市场:理论基础、国际经验与中国实践

培育和扶持碳金融市场是转变经济方式、发展绿色经济的重要内容和途径。碳市场、碳金融及碳金融市场三者紧密相关,碳金融市场是碳市场与碳金融的结合体。国外碳金融市场已具相当规模,中国的碳金融市场起步较晚,但已初见成效。在未来的发展过程中,应进一步融入全球碳金融市场,完善相关政策与法律,避免国内碳金融市场的过度竞争,使中国碳金融市场能够统一、规范、健康、有序地发展。     

甘肃省能源消费碳排放的因素分解实证研究

本文基于碳排放量的基本等式,采用LMDI方法建立了甘肃省人均能源消费碳排放的因素分解模型,并运用1995~2008年相关数据分析了经济发展、能源强度、能源结构对甘肃省人均碳排放的影响,得出经济发展是促进甘肃人均碳排放增加的主要动力,能源强度是抑制碳排放的重要因素,而能源结构对甘肃人均碳排放变化的影响不明显。最后,结合实证研究结果,提出相应的政策性建议。