我国道路交通事故社会救助基金制度的建立与完善探讨

道路交通事故社会救助基金,作为机动车交通事故责任强制保险的必要补充,能对交通事故受害者提供及时救助。文章对几个具有代表性的发达国家和地区的救助基金制度做了简介和分析,得出几点共性。经过几年的筹备、构建,我国救助基金终于建立了基本框架,但在实务中仍然遇到救助基金主管部门设置不统一、基金来源较窄且不合理、垫付费用的情形有待完善、受害人定义过窄等问题。针对这些问题,结合发达国家可借鉴的成功经验,文章给出了相应的建议,以期对完善我国道路交通事故社会救助基金制度有所裨益。     

Product involvement in do-it-yourself maintenance injury

Abstract

PROBLEM Numerous activities to promote bicycle safety have been implemented in Norway. The overall effect of these activities has not been evaluated.

method Information about cases of bicycle-related injuries occurring in 1990-1993 was obtained from prospective registration of all injuries treated by hospitals and emergency clinics in four urban centers in NORWAY. Incidence was calculated per number of cyclists, based on data obtained from the 1992 National Bicycle Survey. Temporal changes in injury severity and in age-specific incidence (per bicycle riders) of all injuries, upper-head injuries, other injuries, injuries due to bicycle-motor vehicle collision, and injuries leading to inpatient treatment were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS 3,893 injuries occurred in the study population in 1990-1993. The average annual incidence was 33.1 per 10,000 population aged 4 years and higher, or 47.9 per 10,000 bicyclists. No significant secular trends were found for any of the analyzed parameters.

CONCLUSIONS Bicycle safety promotion measures implemented during 1990-1993 did not significantly reduce the risk of bicycle-related injury in Norway. Effective bicycle safety programs should be implemented, based on the positive experiences from other countries. Injury surveillance systems appear to be a useful tool for evaluating injury prevention programs.     

论交强险的“酒驾免赔”条款——兼论酒驾肇事保险赔偿新机制的构建

“酒驾免赔”在保险业得到了一致认可,但在司法实务界和理论界却有很大的争议。在酒驾肇事的场合,我们固然应当优先保护受害人的利益,但这并不意味着就可以放弃对酒驾肇事者的民事性惩罚,也不能视保险公司的合法利益而不见。因此,为了平衡保护各方的利益,促进机动车保险的可持续发展,构建一个酒驾肇事保险赔偿新机制实属必要。     

公路隧道事故原因分析

我国公路隧道近年来发展飞快,然而公路隧道的交通安全形势却不容乐观,隧道事故造成危害程度大。文章首先说明了隧道事故的危害性特点,之后就事故发生类型的特征予以分析原因。     

高层建筑施工现场消防安全特性及消防安全管理措施初探

随着我国经济的飞速发展,高层建筑迎来一个新的建设高潮。但是,高层建筑建设施工火灾事故频发,消防安全形势严峻。文章分析了高层建筑建设施工火灾的特点,初步探讨高层建筑建设施工消防安全管理措施。     

火灾自动报警系统的安装与调试

文章简要介绍火灾自动报警系统的组成、系统设备安装方法和要求,以及火灾报警系统、联动控制系统调试的方法和要求。     

道路交通安全教育在事故预防与处罚中的作用及实施方式

道路交通安全教育是事故预防和违法处罚的重要措施,大力发展道路交通安全教育可以提高我国当前的道路交通安全水平。总结了我国当前道路交通安全教育体系构成及实施效果,指出了存在的问题;从事故预防和违法处罚两个方面探讨了道路交通安全教育的作用,提出将道路交通安全教育作为未来我国道路交通事故防控体系的重点措施和违法处罚的重要手段;提出从学校教育、社会教育及交通管理单位专业教育等三种道路交通安全教育的实施方式。     

乙醇贮罐区事故后果定量模拟分析

通过对乙醇罐区的危险特性进行分析,指出乙醇的事故后果主要为池火灾、蒸气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展为蒸气爆炸;给出了乙醇事故后果的定量模拟分析的数学模型,同时进行了实例模拟,对指导乙醇贮罐区的总体布局、贮罐区安全设计、贮罐区危险性分析及事故预防措施均有一定参考价值。     

Automobile Insurance Contracts and Risk of Accident: An Empirical Test Using French Individual Data

Insurance has for a long time been perceived as a way of transferring responsibility from insured agents to insurers and thus as potentially influencing insured agents' behavior. Two particular opportunistic behaviors have been analyzed. First, the theory of adverse selection predicts that high-risk agents are likely to demand more insurance than are low-risk agents. Second, the theory of moral hazard predicts that the wider the insurance coverage, the less agents will try to prevent accidents. Both theories thus conclude that agents who are totally insured should have a higher probability of accident than those with only partial insurance, ceteris paribus. Nevertheless, one of the aims of insurance rating systems is to control for these opportunistic behaviors. In this article, we use individual data to see if the French automobile insurance rating system has achieved this aim. We do this using a two-step maximum-likelihood method. First, we compute a probit model to estimate the probability of taking out comprehensive versus third-party insurance. We then calculate the generalized residual, which is included as an independent variable in a negative binomial model estimating the probability of having an accident. The coefficient of this variable is argued to represent adverse selection and ex-ante moral-hazard behavior.     

危机事件中的政府公共关系应对原则

政府应对各种公共危机的表现成为民众视线的聚焦点,影响民众对政府形象的评定,因此政府危机公关势在必行。政府的危机公关应在具体应对中践行第一时间原则、信息透明原则、开放性原则、多渠道传播原则、树立表率原则和人性化原则。