Changing laundry habits in Norway

Maintenance is often the most energy‐demanding stage during clothes' life cycle. Therefore, a shift towards more sustainable washing habits has great potential to reduce the consumption of energy, water and detergent. This paper discusses the change in laundering practices during the past 10 years in Norway and suggests strategies to help consumers change their laundry habits to more sustainable ones. Quantitative information of consumers' experiences, habits and opinions concerning clothing maintenance was collected through three surveys in Norway in 2002, 2010 and 2011. The 2010 study was supplemented with qualitative in‐depth interviews of a strategic sample of households. The average washing temperature has decreased slightly during the studied time periods. Some products' washing frequencies remained the same, whereas other products such as jeans were used a few more days before washing. The cotton programme is the most used washing programme, but short programmes are gaining popularity. The laundry sorting processes vary greatly and are influenced by several factors such as washing temperature, colours, fibre type and use area. For some consumers, the use of several different sorting categories made it more difficult to collect a sufficient amount of clothing to fill the machine. They were also afraid that overfilling the machine would result in clothes that were not clean enough or had detergent residues. Detergent dosing practices are far from optimal. In 2010, although the majority of respondents only used eye measure and did not know the water hardness of their area, they still tried to vary detergent dosage based on the amount of laundry and the level of soiling. Different design for sustainable behaviour strategies could be used within detergent dosage systems, care labelling, machine programme selection (such as suggesting lower temperature and eco‐programme), machine filling grade indicators, storage systems for slightly used clothing and textile material choice.     

机电设备维修中存在的问题浅析

文章通过对设备维修过程中存在的影响维修质量的问题就检修方法、检修中使用的材料配件、检修深度、检修人员素质等方面进行分析,找出相应的解决方法和应当注意的事项。     

如何做好GSM网络的维护与优化工作

GSM网络的维护工作是一个循环闭合的过程,其设计、工程建设、维护、优化工作的循环往复才能铸就优秀的无线网络。所以只有切实注重每个环节,才能把网络建设好、维护好。文章介绍了影响GSM网络的维护的因素,维护的措施,并阐述了维护和优化GSM网络的意义。     

浅谈河南电力通信综合网管系统的实用化建设

随着电力通信综合网管系统的广泛建设,实用化水平的高低已成为其能否发挥效益的关键因素。本文主要阐述了河南电力通信综合网管系统在资源入库、数据存储、方式管理、检修处理、系统互联等方面所做的实用化探索和尝试,并对未来的实用化道路提出了新的要求。     

加强对水工钢闸门的管理与维护

防腐、防漏、防振是水工钢闸门日常管理和维护的主要内容，针对闸门操作频繁而由非专职人员来管理的情况，介绍了对水工钢闸门的常用管理与维护方法。     

论矿业公司机电设备维修管理

设备维修是确保设备正常运行的主要手段,是煤炭企业的一项重要管理工作,是生产费用支出的主要部分。阐述了机电设备维修体制的发展过程和机电设备维修方式的类定,并对我国矿业公司机电设备维修管理方面问题提出对策。     

探讨交通运输机械针对性维修策略与应用

根据当前我国交通运输机械针对性维修的整体发展状况,分析了我国交通运输机械维修的发展方向,从而进一步探讨了现代交通运输机械维修的策略和具体技术应用所遇到的挑战及总体发展趋势,并针对具体维修策略,提出一些关于交通运输机械针对性维修方面的具体措施和发展思路。     

舰员级维修知识管理体系研究与构建

针对当前舰员级维修能力薄弱、维修知识缺乏的现状,研究将知识管理的先进理念和方法引入到舰员级维修管理工作中来,分析舰员级维修知识管理的必要性和可行性,提出开展知识管理的指导模型,明确了舰员级维修知识管理的关键内容,构建了系统、完整的舰员级维修知识管理体系框架,为舰员级维修知识管理的实施提供了理论支持,从而促进舰员级维修整体能力的稳步提高。     

农产品共同品牌的不稳定性及维护

本文分析了农产品共同品牌的作用及特点,并分析了共同品牌产生内部不稳定性的原因,主要在于共同品牌的使用具有外部性,使生产者产生机会主义倾向,降低产品质量并且对品牌质量提高的激励不足。本文认为维护共同品牌的必要条件是生产者能够获得必要租金以及能够被相对确认。     

Cost-effectiveness of subdermal implantable buprenorphine versus sublingual buprenorphine to treat opioid use disorder

Aims: Subdermal implantable buprenorphine (BSI) was recently approved to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) in clinically-stable adults. In the pivotal clinical trial, BSI was associated with a higher proportion of completely-abstinent patients (85.7% vs 71.9%; p?=?.03) vs sublingual buprenorphine (SL-BPN). Elsewhere, relapse to illicit drug use is associated with diminished treatment outcomes and increased costs. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of BSI vs SL-BPN from a US societal perspective.

Methods: A Markov model simulated BSI and SL-BPN cohorts (clinically-stable adults) transiting through four mutually-exclusive health states for 12 months. Cohorts accumulated direct medical costs from drug acquisition/administration; treatment-diversion/abuse; newly-acquired hepatitis-C; emergency room, hospital, and rehabilitation services; and pediatric poisonings. Non-medical costs of criminality, lost wages/work-productivity, and out-of-pocket expenses were also included. Transition probabilities to a relapsed state were derived from the aforementioned trial. Other transition probabilities, costs, and health-state utilities were derived from observational studies and adjusted for trial characteristics. Outcomes included incremental cost per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) gained and incremental net-monetary-benefit (INMB). Uncertainty was assessed by univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA).

Results: BSI was associated with lower total costs (?$4,386), more QALYs (+0.031), and favorable INMB at all willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds considered. Higher drug acquisition costs for BSI (+$6,492) were outpaced, primarily by reductions in emergency room/hospital utilization (?$8,040) and criminality (?$1,212). BSI was cost-effective in 89% of PSA model replicates, and had a significantly higher NMB at $50,000/QALY ($20,783 vs $15,007; p?Conclusions: BSI was preferred over SL-BPN from a health-economic perspective for treatment of OUD in clinically-stable adults. These findings should be interpreted carefully, due to some relationships having been modeled from inputs derived from multiple sources, and would benefit from comparison with outcomes from studies that employ administrative claims data or a naturalistic comparative design.