桥面铺装层研究与应用国内外现状

针对桥面铺装层研究与应用,从桥面铺装结构设计和材料发展两方面介绍了国内外的发展情况。     

The Power of Images: Marketing Tourism in the 1990s

This conference was held at The Roehampton Institute, London on 2–3 September 1992 with its main aim being to bring together those involved in tourism education and those from the industry to discuss the future of tourism marketing. Organised jointly by Tina Bryant (University of Hertfordshire) and John Eade (Roehampton Institute), the event attracted delegates mainly from the academic community, with members of the tourism industry conspicuous by their absence! Ray Youell of Sheffield Hallam University describes the somelime contrasting perspectives evident at the conference.     

斜拉桥检测技术的几点探讨

斜拉桥检测技术作为结构安全保证的有效手段,在实际工程中已广泛应用。斜拉桥检测技术的几项重要方法:索力检测、索塔塔顶位移的检测、结构仿真计算等等,对于能否了解的工作状态,有很大的影响。为提高斜拉桥检测的可靠性和精确度,扩大其应用范围,论文总结了一些实际经验,,提出几点看法,,供有关人员参考,为进一步推广应用斜拉桥检测技术的提供依据。     

斜拉桥主塔弹性稳定简化分析

国民经济的飞速发展和国家对基础设施投入的进一步加强为我国大跨桥梁的发展提供了一个良好的条件,近十几年来,斜拉桥在我国迅速发展。由于悬吊桥梁的主塔均需承受巨大的轴向压力,而且随着桥梁跨度的增大,主塔也越来越高,结构越来越柔,其稳定问题成为一个非常突出的问题。尤其是其侧向稳定在设计时更需特别注意。尤其独塔单索面斜拉桥在空间受力和稳定性方面都相对比较薄弱,对其进行稳定性分析更显必要。     

Impact of heart failure on hospital activity and healthcare costs in Belgium

Summary

Heart failure (HF) is a serious public health problem worldwide. It has a high prevalence, affects mainly the elderly and causes high mortality or disability with high economic costs. The aim of the present study was to calculate the number of admissions for HF, the total in-hospital stay, the mean length of in-hospital stay and the in-hospital costs due to HF in Belgium.

Retrospective analysis of data from the national hospital registration system provided the following results. In 2001, there were 19,398 admissions with HF as a primary diagnosis, with a total in-hospital stay of 286,938 days. The mean in-hospital stay for HF was 14.8 days. The total in-hospital cost of HF as a primary diagnosis was € 94,113,827, representing 1.8% of the total hospital expenditure.

The limitations of this study are its mere focus on admissions and their characteristics in 2001, and the use of a retrospective analysis. Nevertheless, it led to the conclusion that HF was responsible for a significant number of in-hospital days, with a significant impact on healthcare costs in Belgium.     

Evaluating the length of stay and value of time in a pediatric emergency department with two models by comparing two different albuterol delivery systems

Abstract

Objective:

Asthma is one of the most common childhood illnesses and accounts for a substantial amount of pediatric emergency department visits. Historically, acute exacerbations are treated with a beta agonist via nebulizer therapy (NEB). However, with the advent of the spacer, the medication can be delivered via a metered dose inhaler (MDI?+?S) with the same efficacy for mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations. To date, no study has been done to evaluate emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) and opportunity cost between nebulized vs MDI?+?S. The objective of this study was to compare ED LOS and associated opportunity cost among children who present with a mild asthma exacerbation according to the delivery mode of albuterol: MDI?+?S vs NEB.

Methods:

A structured, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Medical records were reviewed from children aged 1–18 years treated at an urban pediatric ED from July 2007 to June 2008 with a discharge diagnosis International Classification of Disease-9 of asthma. Length of stay was defined: time from initial triage until the time of the guardian signature on the discharge instructions. An operational definition was used to define a mild asthma exacerbation; those patients requiring only one standard weight based albuterol treatment. Emergency department throughput time points, demographic data, treatment course, and delivery method of albuterol were recorded.

Results:

Three hundred and four patients were analyzed: 94 in the MDI?+?S group and 209 in the NEB group. Mean age in years for the MDI?+?S group was 9.57 vs 5.07 for the NEB group (p?<?0.001). The percentage of patients that received oral corticosteroids was 39.4% in the MDI?+?S group vs 61.7% in the NEB group (p?<?0.001). There was no difference between groups in: race, insurance status, gender, or chest radiographs. The mean ED LOS for patients in the MDI?+?S group was 170 minutes compared to 205 minutes in the NEB group. On average, there was a 25.1 minute time savings per patient in ED treatment time (p?<?0.001; 95% CI?=?3.8–31.7). Significant predictors of outcome for treatment time were chest radiograph, steroids, and treatment mode. Opportunity cost analysis estimated a potential cost savings of $213,532 annually using MDI?+?S vs NEB.

Conclusion:

In mild asthma exacerbations, administering albuterol via MDI?+?S decreases ED treatment time when compared to administering nebulized albuterol. A metered dose inhaler with spacer utilization may enhance opportunity cost savings and decrease the left without being seen population with improved throughput.

Limitations:

The key limitations of this study include its retrospective design, the proxy non-standard definition of mild asthma exacerbation, and the opportunity cost calculation, which may over-estimate the value of ED time saved based on ED volume.     

浅谈高等级公路沥青路面病害与养护

基于高等级公路的沥青路面早期病害的特征与成因,探讨了如何选择相适应的养护处治对策。     

东沙特大桥钢箱梁吊装

本文联系个人亲身实践,总结了东沙特大桥钢箱梁安装前的准备、架桥机试吊、安装及安全保证措施等工作的落实,从中得出些许体会。     

水泥混凝土路面病害分析及处治对策

水泥混凝土路面的病害有断裂类病害、竖向位移类病害、接缝类病害、表层类病害等,对于行车速度、安全及舒适性具有重要影响。本文分析了水泥混凝土路面的上述四大类病害,对各类病害的类型及轻重程度分级进行了详细讨论,并探讨了水泥混凝土路面病害的处治对策。     

先简支后连续桥梁施工方法探析

最近几年我国公路上修建的高等级的大、中桥梁发现,几乎都采用先简支后连续结构体系。本文先介绍了先简支后连续桥梁的型式、主要构造,阐述了先简支后连续结构体系的施工工艺要点,探讨了施工过程中采用的简便易行的工艺技术,最后提出先简支后连续桥梁施工的质量控制意见。