碳税理论及其实践经验借鉴

碳税作为二氧化碳减排的有效经济手段,正在日益受到重视。文章通过比较碳税在一些发达国家的实践经验以及对中国开征碳税的相关实证研究成果进行总结,认为中国确有实施碳税的必要。我国在开征碳税以达到碳减排目标的同时,鉴于简化税制和避免居民生活成本上升过快的考虑,应注重碳税与现有环境税类税种及税收政策的整合,并对能源密集性以及与居民生活日常相关的行业采用较低的碳税税率;由于中国的经济结构与发达国家存在本质区别,应采取有效措施防止碳税对经济增长和就业的负面冲击。     

Research agenda for low-carbon mobility: Issues for New World cities

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon mobility (LCM) features strongly in debates about the sustainability of cities and their resilience in the face of demographic, economic, and climate change. Transport is a major source of carbon emissions and there are indications that these continue to increase, despite the considerable recent advances in vehicle, engine, and fuel technologies. Reducing carbon emissions from transport may become more difficult, not easier. A particular issue relates to the New World cities, typified by those of North America and Australasia, which largely developed from the latter half of the nineteenth century onward and whose transportation systems were largely based around private vehicle ownership and usage. These cities are typically composed of low-density, dispersed suburbs, which are highly car dependent and resource and carbon emission intensive. This article develops a research agenda directed at determining and testing policy and planning measures relevant to the quest for low carbon mobility in New World cities. It suggests a rich agenda for essential research on LCM. Much of this agenda falls within the realm of the integration of transport and land use, with attention to urban design details to enhance the perceptions of and opportunities to use low carbon transport alternatives. Research topics identified for LCM research include (1) urban design and land use–transport integration (LUTI), (2) low carbon mobility policies directed at achieving widespread behavior change, (3) opportunities for new technology and its application, including requirements for systems and infrastructure, and (4) analysis and tools for informed decision making, including modeling, measurement, visualization, and especially assessment.     

Low carbon transport strategy in Europe: A critical review

ABSTRACT

The purposes of this article are to depict ongoing trends regarding the transport system in Europe, to introduce readers to the challenges that Europe (and the rest of the world) will face in the future, to show which strategies Europe plans to deploy to mitigate the negative impacts the transport system imposes on the overall system, and finally to discuss the potential of these suggested strategies to contribute to the objectives of the European Union in the long run.     

西部大开发对西部地区碳排放演变的影响

西部大开发后西部地区经济增长加快、人民生活水平提高,但产业结构、技术水平以及生态环境质量却并未表现出同等程度的改善或提升。采用30个样本省份1995—2011年的面板数据,运用双重差分法进行分析,结果发现：西部大开发在促进西部地区经济增长以及地区经济趋同的同时,也使得西部地区的碳排放（尤其是人均碳排放）与其他地区相比增长更快,与此同时,西部地区与碳排放相关的因素和条件（如产业结构、技术水平、市场化程度等）未得到显著改善。在既有的资源禀赋、发展阶段、产业结构以及经济发展方式下,西部大开发初期着力于固定资产投资和资源、能源开发,忽视教育事业、市场化改革、技术创新等软环境建设,导致西部地区在经济增长的同时碳排放相对增加。因此,在今后的西部大开发规划中,应当着力于转变经济发展方式,加强软环境建设,重视人力资本积累和技术创新,提升市场化水平,才能在发展地区经济的同时实现节能减排。     

构建与普及理性低碳生活方式——人类文明社会演进的应然逻辑

人类的生活方式是与其社会的文明状态相适应的。原始文明社会中人类的生活方式是“朴素无碳”的,农业文明社会中人类的生活方式是“适应性低碳”的,工业文明社会中人类的生活方式是“发展性高碳”的,而生态文明社会中人类的生活方式应是“理性低碳”的。理性低碳生活方式是人类可持续发展的自我选择,是要在提高生活水平和质量的进程中实现低碳化,是生活方式的革命性发展。构建和普及理性低碳生活方式,需要树立和强化低碳生活理念,实现衣食住行等多方面的低碳化改造;需要全人类的共同努力,各个国家和地区应根据实际情况选择和普及各具特色的理性低碳生活方式;需要各生活主体的协同配合,政府、企业与居民等要全方位地、积极地、广泛地践行理性低碳生活方式。     

碳信息披露与企业投资效率-基于 2011~2015 年 CDP 中国报告的实证研究

本文以 2011~2015 年参与国际 CDP 项目的中国公司为研究对象,从投资效率视角探析碳信息披露与企业投资效率之间的关系,并就产权性质、管理层权力对二者关系的影响进行检验。结果发现：在其他条件相同的情况下,碳信息披露能够显著提高企业投资效率;同时,相较于非国有企业,国有企业碳信息披露更能提高企业投资效率;管理层权力越大,越会削弱碳信息披露对投资效率的改善作用。进一步研究发现,碳信息披露通过缓解投资不足和抑制过度投资的共同作用来提高企业投资效率,且这种作用在国有企业及管理层权力较低的企业中更为显著。     

绿色经济问题研究新进展

顺应新发展理念的提出,2016 年学者们对绿色经济相关问题进行了广泛而深入的研究,主要在环境效率、环境规制绩效和绿色发展三方面取得了卓有成效的进展。一是从环境效率评估方法、环境效率状况和区域差异等方面对环境效率进行了评估,并拓展研究了环境效率的影响因素;二是从评估环境政策、税收、排污权分配、碳交易等环境规制绩效入手,理论和实证分析了环境规制的影响因素和绩效改进方向;三是探讨了绿色发展的可能性,提出了优化产业结构、加强地区联防联控、推出碳交易政策、优化城市结构和规划、促进共享经济发展和优化环境管理手段等绿色发展的路径选择。     

基于碳排放的闭环供应链政府奖惩机制研究

温室气体的排放问题已成为国际社会亟待解决的问题,解决这一问题的必由之路就是通过降低产品碳排量实现从源头上减排。本文研究由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的逆向供应链系统,建立了政府实施回收奖惩机制的动态博弈模型,比较分析了有无政府回收奖惩机制两种情形下零售商的回收比例、供应链参与方的期望利润和产品的碳排放总量。研究结果表明,政府回收奖惩机制提高了回收比例和碳减排水平;当再制造减排程度较小时,政府回收奖惩机制降低了碳排放总量;基于消费者低碳偏好的政府回收奖惩机制提高了制造商和零售商的利润,更大程度的降低了产品总碳排放量;政府回收奖惩机制下较小的目标回收率能够最大化零售商利润。     

中国旅游经济增长与碳排放的耦合关系研究

厘清旅游经济增长与能源消费及CO2排放之间的关系对于实现增长前提下的低碳旅游发展意义重大。文章采用"自下而上"法,估算了1991~2010年中国旅游业的CO2排放量,并运用脱钩理论、ADF单位根检验、协整分析以及Granger因果关系检验,辨识和分析了中国旅游经济增长与碳排放之间的耦合关系。实证研究结果表明,在研究样本区间内,中国旅游经济增长与CO2排放量除2003年为未脱钩以外,其余年份均处于相对脱钩状态;旅游经济增长与碳排放之间存在长期的协整关系;旅游经济增长构成CO2排放的Granger原因不显著,而CO2排放构成旅游经济增长的Granger原因较为显著,即存在从CO2排放到旅游经济增长的单向Granger因果关系。基于上述结论,提出相关政策建议。     

Energy benchmarking in support of low carbon hotels: Developments,challenges, and approaches in China

Achieving effective and objective energy benchmarking for hotels is integral in fostering the sustainable development of the lodging sector. In this work, we reveal the major and minor streams of hotel energy benchmarking and ascertain that the most popular approach in benchmarking is normalized energy use intensity (EUI) based on floor level. Previous efforts to establish EUI indicators using subsystem average, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and regression technique are also studied. We propose that hotel energy benchmarking based on floor area is useful from the top-down management perspective. However, on a practical perspective, energy benchmarking based on facilities should be the first priority for hotel management or owners. Compared with the general energy benchmarking in the building sector, we find that the hotel sector lags behind in the adoption of computer modeling for benchmarking.