Cognitive flexibility and adaptive decision‐making: Evidence from a laboratory study of expert decision makers

Research Summary : How can strategic decision makers overcome inertia when dealing with change? In this article we argue that cognitive flexibility (i.e., the ability to match the type of cognitive processing with the type of problem at hand) enables decision makers to achieve significantly higher decision‐making performance. We show that superior decision‐making performance is associated with using semiautomatic Type 1 cognitive processes when faced with well‐structured problems, and more deliberative Type 2 processes when faced with ill‐structured problems. Our findings shed light on the individual‐level mechanism behind organizational adaptation and complement recent work on strategic inertia. In addition, our findings extend management studies that have stressed the relevance of cognitive flexibility for responding to the demands of increasingly open, flexible, and rapidly changing organizations. Managerial Summary : Humans are creatures of habits. We tend to prefer known courses of action over new ones. In many cases, habits are good. However, when things change in unpredictable ways, the past may not be good guidance for the future. We argue that “cognitive flexibility”—the ability of understanding when to rely on habits vs. when to explore new courses of action—enables managers to switch from a “fast” decision mode, based on habits, to a “slow,” more deliberate decision mode that facilitates the exploration of new courses of action. Managers high in cognitive flexibility reflect on the situation at hand, recognize and value diversity in viewpoints, and integrate such diversity in their own decision processes. By valuing diversity, they are more likely to overcome inertia.     

双关广告语的认知加工及其效应伴随——基于心理语言学视角的分析

对受众理解双关广告语的内部认知进行了步骤化的解析,刻画了其表征、编码、自动化加工、认知整合等状态和过程,从而构建了一个由意识性回读通路和潜意识激活部分隐义——意识性回读的双回路模型。进而利用心理负荷波理论和顿悟的大脑机制方面的新发现更为彻底地解释了双关广告语的维持注意功能和记忆特效功能。模型暗示不同水平的双关设计引发了受众不同的认知过程,对如何设计巧妙的双关广告有指导作用。     

从认知心理学角度看可理解输出假说

自从二语教学中的可理解输入假说和可理解输出假说相继提出后,二者都得到了理论和实证上的支持。从认知心理学的角度对输出假说进行审视,语言输出在二语习得中具有不可忽视的重要性。     

整合与映射——析幽默言语的认知机制

幽默是经常出现在日常话语中的一种言语交际形式。幽默言语区别于其它言语形式的关键因素,是幽默言语所映射的社会人际意义,即社会人的幽默、作为生活方式的幽默、幽默反映的民族文化性格以及幽默的本质特性。透过幽默言语所表达的社会意义映射出幽默言语认知语用机制。     

关于认知语义学基础的反思

认知语义学的基础是基本层次概念和意象图式概念。认知语义学认为这两种概念直接来源于人的前概念经验,是初始概念。但是,关于幼儿认知研究的最新发现表明,幼儿的概念是宏观概念,而不是基本层次概念;基本层次概念是语言投射和制约的结果,是通过学习获得的。因而认知语义学的基础研究有待于进一步加强。     

中国个体证券投资者交易行为的实证研究

对证券投资者的投资行为进行研究 ,是探究证券市场有效性的重要途径之一。本文运用行为金融学理论 ,根据某证券营业部 7894位个体投资者在 1 998年 7月至2 0 0 1年 1 1月期间的交易数据 ,分别对我国个体投资者的“政策依赖性心理”、“过度自信心理”及投资者的“过度交易”是否损害个人财富等方面进行了实证检验 ,结果表明 ,我国的个体投资者确实存在上述认知偏差。针对这些偏差本文提出了相关的政策建议。     

汉英“仿拟”的社会语用认知研究

仿拟是英汉两种语言中共有的表现形式,有5种类型:仿词、仿语、仿句、仿篇和仿调;它的生成和接受机制体现在求同性策略、求异性策略和求解性策略三大策略之中,适当运用可以缓解尴尬场面,可以使广告语言简洁鲜明、形象生动,具有艺术魅力,在诙谐幽默中表达辛辣的讽刺。最后运用格式塔心理学理论、关联理论和概念整合理论阐释了人们理解仿拟这一语言现象的认知过程。     

Using Social Cognitive Theory to Investigate Green Consumer Behavior

Green consumer behavior can induce industries to develop green production methods and convert wasteful patterns of consumption into green consumption patterns. This study demonstrates that the practice of green consumption relies on the self‐sanction concept in individuals. The objective of this study was to develop a research model of green consumer behavior based on social cognitive theory. The results show that personal self‐concepts (the most significant of which is green consumption self‐efficacy), personal outcome expectation and social sanction all have a significant influence. On the other hand, the influences of the expected outcome of green consumer behavior, climate change and the mass media were not significant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

语境理论发展述评

传统语境观把语境视作静态的事物,将交际双方视为被动的参与者。认知语境观以解释话语动态理解过程为主要目的,弥补了传统语观境观的不足。将二者有机结合,能从宏观、微观、静态、动态的角度全面理解话语的意义。     

从认知诗学的角度看文学的认知功能

认知诗学是文学研究的新范式。从文化认知功能和语言认知功能阐释文学的认知功能,有助于读者理解文学文本,从而主动地学习和运用语言。