Evaluating drug cost per responder and number needed to treat associated with lixisenatide on top of glargine when compared to rapid-acting insulin intensification regimens on top of glargine,in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK,Italy, and Spain

Objectives: This study investigated the cost per responder and number needed to treat (NNT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients for lixisenatide compared to insulin intensification regimens using composite endpoints in the UK, Italy, and Spain.

Methods: Efficacy and safety outcomes were obtained from GetGoal Duo-2, a 26-week phase 3 trial comparing lixisenatide vs insulin glulisine (IG) once daily (QD) and three times daily (TID). Response at week 26 was extrapolated to 52 weeks, assuming a maintained treatment effect, based on long-term evidence in other T2DM populations. Responders were defined using composite end-points, based on an HbA1c threshold and/or no weight gain and/or no hypoglycemia. The HbA1c threshold was varied in sensitivity analyses. Annual treatment costs were estimated in euros (1 GBP?=?1.26 EUR), including drug acquisition and resource use costs. Cost per responder was computed by dividing annual treatment costs per patient by the proportion of responders.

Results: Lixisenatide was associated with the lowest cost per responder for all composite end-points that included a weight-related component. For the main composite end-point of HbA1c ≤7.5% AND no weight gain AND no symptomatic hypoglycemia, cost per responder results were: UK: 6,867€, 8,746€, and 12,410€; Italy: 7,057€, 9,160€, and 12,844€; Spain: 8,370€, 11,365€, and 17,038€, for lixisenatide, IG QD, and TID, respectively. The NNT analysis showed that, for every 6.85 and 5.86 patients treated with lixisenatide, there was approximately one additional responder compared to IG QD and TID, respectively.

Limitations: A limitation of the clinical inputs is the lack of 52-week trial data from GetGoal Duo-2, which led to the assumption of a maintained treatment effect from week 26 to 52.

Conclusions: This analysis suggests lixisenatide is an efficient economic resource allocation in the UK, Italy, and Spain.     

论低碳产业集群的动力机制——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

发展低碳产业集群对于实现中国低碳经济目标有着极其重大的作用。本文论述了我国低碳产业集群动力机制的内涵,认为可持续发展观念是低碳产业集群的思想基础,政府的政策和制度创新对产业集群企业和公众的低碳活动起着激励作用,经济绩效是低碳产业集群的直接动力,技术创新是低碳产业集群发展的关键因素;而国内外低碳环境的压力和产业集群外公众的市场取舍与监督构成了外部动力。各种动力互相配合作用,推动了低碳产业集群快速发展。     

Positive and Negative Word of Mouth about Restaurants: Exploring the Asymmetric Impact of the Performance of Attributes

This study examines the relationship between attribute performance of a restaurant and customers' positive and negative word of mouth (WOM). We present an analysis of 168,262 customer reviews, which consist of an overall rating of a dining experience, ratings of food, physical environment and employee service, and real expenditure for a meal, totally covering 1,542 Chinese restaurants on a restaurant guide website. The results indicate that the performance of attributes has an asymmetric impact on positive and negative WOM for the restaurant industry as well as for low-end and mid-to-high-end restaurants. Our results also show that, in most cases, there is a combined effect of two attributes on both positive and negative WOM.     

河北省粮食产量预测新法探析

粮食安全对中国来说是一个重大的战略问题,是历届政府的工作重点。目前在粮食产量预测上,理论界和实践中均采用预测精度不高的单一方法,这在一定程度上影响了粮食工作的正常开展。为了提高预算精度,应采用回归和马尔可夫联合模型的方法。实践证明:采用此联合模型的方法,其预测值尤为符合实际产量。     

基于DEA的CCR模型对中国银行业财富管理的竞争力分析

自2001年中国加入WTO,银行业已于2006年结束5年的过渡期.此后5年来,中国经济继续保持平稳较快增 长,这为财富管理在中国发展提供了宏观保障,同时居民储蓄的持续增加为财富管理奠定了物质基础,而人口老龄化已经成为财富管理的现实需求.综合国内外研究,发现国内对财富管理鲜有实证研究.为此,文章围绕中国银行业的财富管理进行竞争力的实证分析,以弥补在这个方面的不足,研究结果对机构或大客户同样具有指导和借鉴价值.     

联合厌氧工艺在餐厨垃圾及粪便处理中的应用

以福建省龙岩市餐厨垃圾处理项目为实例,从龙岩市餐厨垃圾及粪便处理现状,处理方案的确定,联合厌氧工艺的优势等方面简要分析和介绍了联合厌氧发酵工艺在餐厨垃圾和粪便处理中的应用。认为,联合厌氧工艺可以实现餐厨垃圾处理无害化和资源化的要求。     

高校资产管理与预算管理的结合研究

随着我国经济水平的不断提高,我国经济发展不断加快。我国的教育也在良好的经济形式支持下得到了较大的发展。同时,国家为了促进教育,特别是高校教育的进一步发展,对于高校的教育经费投入也在逐渐增加。因此,高校在新形势下,如何管理和控制好国家发放的教育经费成了当前高校资产管理的重要工作内容。特别是国家经费到达学校后的优化使用是高校当前的财务管理重点关注内容,其中,将资产管理与预算管理结合起来能够有效解决这种问题。     

复合支护技术在深水平破碎岩层中的应用

深部破碎巷道具有非线性大变形特征,单一的支护方式难以控制。矿井在进入深部开采后,软岩巷道围岩出现显著变形,围岩破碎严重,对巷道围岩稳定性的控制变得极其困难。针对平煤四矿三水平上部变电所岩性较为破碎的特点,通过理论分析和对以往成功经验的借签,提出了采用锚网喷+锚索+U型钢支架+喷浆的支护技术,加强了深部破碎岩巷的支护,较好地解决了围岩松软破碎、高变形巷道的支护难题,为其它类似条件下巷道围岩控制提供了参考。     

青藏地区区域旅游联动开发机理与模式

青海省和西藏自治区(简称青藏地区)旅游资源丰富,而且垄断性强,发展旅游业的区位优势得天独厚,在分析青藏地区旅游资源类型、空间分布和联动开发内在机理的基础上,探讨了联动开发模式,从地理学空间视野提出了区域旅游联动开发的两种结构模式:点-轴发展模式和核心边缘模式,塑造区域旅游整体形象,构建"大青藏旅游圈",实现青藏地区旅游业可持续发展.     

校徽的雕铣加工

由于校徽比较薄,难以用一般机用台虎钳加持进行雕刻(铣削)加工。设计并制作一个夹具,以夹持工件,完成校徽的铣削加工。