以交易成本理论探究网路消费者行为

本研究旨在结合交易成本理论与其它影响因子（如产品品质、知觉风险与知觉价值）,试图发展整合型研究模式以探究网路消费者行为。实证分析方法主要运用叙述性统计分析、因素分析、信度分析与路径分析。研究发现网路服务品质、产品品质与交易成本均对于知觉风险与知觉价值存在显着的地影响效果。其次,知觉风险与知觉价值也会对网路购买意图产生显着影响效果．此外,实证分析结果亦显示网路服务品质、产品品质与交易成本均可透过知觉风险与知觉价值,对于网路购买意图产生影响效果。     

征税成本领先性假设与中国税务组织结构优化——兼析中国国税、地税机构是否存在合并趋势

本文从征税成本领先性假设出发探讨了中国税务组织结构的优化问题 ,并分析了社会各界广泛关注的中国国税、地税机构是否存在合并趋势的问题。本文在对中国现行税务组织机构运行绩效考察的基础上 ,发现中国征税成本曲线呈抛物线状 ,表明中国征税成本正呈递减趋势。以此为出发点 ,本文详细论证了中国国税、地税机构不存在合并的趋势 ,相反 ,分设更为彻底却是今后的发展趋势 ,得出了与一般看法不同的结论 ,并对优化中国税务组织结构提出了政策建议     

The cost effectiveness of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy in adult partial seizure epilepsy

Summary

Many patients with epilepsy continue to have partial seizures requiring add-on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Zonisamide, a broad-spectrum AED, has recently entered the European market and must be compared with the current standard of care. The objective of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of zonisamide as treatment for adults with uncontrolled partial epilepsy in Scotland. A Markov decision model was developed from the perspective of the Scottish National Health Service. Outcome measures included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs in GBP.

Patients treated with zonisamide had a 15-year incremental cost of £20 and 0.026 additional QALYs compared with patients treated with levetiracetam. These modest differences result in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for zonisamide of £761/QALY.

We conclude that zonisamide is a cost-effective treatment for adult patients with refractory partial epilepsy being treated according to Scottish treatment patterns and costs, assuming a willingness to pay of £20,000/QALY.     

What has New Zealand gained from The FTA with China?: Two counterfactual analyses†

We investigate the effects of the 2008 New Zealand (NZ)–China free trade agreement (FTA) on exports from NZ to China, and real GDP per capita in NZ using the synthetic control method to estimate the counterfactuals. NZ exports to China were more than 200% higher in 2014 than what they would have had the FTA never been signed. NZ's food and live animals exports to China were more than 180% higher in 2014 than the counterfactual. Our counterfactuals indicate a small but negative effect of the FTA on NZ's real GDP per capita between 2009 and 2012.     

Use of a diagnosis-based risk adjustment model to estimate costs of indigent care in a community at Medicaid reimbursement rates

Objectives: This study used a diagnosis-based risk adjustment model to estimate the annual costs of uninsured patients in Austin, Texas, and describe the prevalence and costs of their chronic conditions. The data were supplied by the Indigent Care Collaboration, a partnership of local safety-net hospitals and clinics.

Methods: This study used the Diagnostic Cost Groups prospective Medicaid All-Encounters model, which uses diagnoses, age and gender to assign relative risk scores to patients. The relative risk scores were multiplied by the per capita Texas Medicaid expenditure to obtain estimated annual costs. Chronic diseases were described in terms of prevalence and total estimated annual cost.

Results: A total of 471,194 encounters were recorded for 163,729 patients meeting the study inclusion criteria between the 1st March 2004 and the 28th February 2005. The mean estimated patient yearly cost was US $1,307, and the total estimated yearly population cost was $228,909,529. The most common chronic conditions included hypertension, diabetes, depression, substance abuse, pregnancy, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates how the unknown costs associated with caring for indigent uninsured patients in a community can be estimated at Medicaid reimbursement rates using the Diagnostic Cost Group model on aggregated patient encounter data.     

公司治理的均衡分析

治理公司的目的在于实现治理收益的最大化。笔者结合对内、外治理机制的分析,提供一个关于公司治理收益最大化的均衡模型,并指出实现这一收益最大化的可能途径。通过对国际上有代表性的公司治理模式及其运营效率的比较,以及对日本和德国公司治理最新动向的考察,我们认为,公司外部治理及其机制非常重要。     

Cost effectiveness of oral fludarabine in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: the French case

Summary

The objective was to assess the medicoeconomic impact of initial and subsequent treatments based on oral fludarabine, intravenous chemotherapy (mini-CHOP) and chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

A Markov model has been defined to encompass the 18 strategies over a 3-year period after starting the first treatment. Costs of treatments, side effects and follow-up have been calculated by crossing data from published prospective trials, specific hospital databases and French resource-based relative value scales. When treatments were based on mini-CHOP, different possibilities offered for hospital care were taken into account.

Probalistic sensitivity analysis was performed.

Whatever the modality of hospital care for mini-CHOP, the strategies based on oral fludarabine as first-line treatment are not only more effective but are also cost effective and dominate other types of scenarios.

Fludarabine given orally should be preferred to mini-CHOP or chlorambucil as a first-line treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.