关于企业物流成本控制的对策研究

物流成本是指企业为实现货物、服务及其相关信息从产出地到消费者之间双向流动和储存所付出的代价。降低物流成本是企业的一个永远的课题,物流成本的控制所产生的经济效益和社会效益都是显著的,是企业第三利润来源的有效手段。因此,物流成本控制对于降低企业成本和提高企业产品的市场竞争力都具有重大的意义。     

一类企业物流成本核算的M-A模型

本文在分析和比较任务成本(Mission Costing)与作业成本(Activity-Based Costing)的前提下,将任务成本与作业成本结合起来构建了企业物流成本核算的M-A模型框架.在这个模型框架内,系统地阐述了企业物流成本核算的涵括范围、数据收集来源以及相关物流成本的分配架构等.     

基于中国股市微观结构的流动性与执行成本分析

运用市场微观结构理论来分析中国股市的交易制度、流动性和执行成本后发现:(1)在佣金和交易税相等的条件下,B股的知情交易者执行成本普遍大于A股,导致B股的流动性小于A股,买卖价差显著大于A股,表明投资者对B股交易要求较高的风险报酬;(2)一旦控制住执行成本中普通交易者对知情交易者所要求的风险补偿,A、B股买卖价差的区别就消失了。因此,证券管理部门应在B股市场引入做市商制度并在微观结构理论的指导下,加强交易监管系统,从而提高B股的流动性并降低其执行成本。     

The burden of blood transfusion: a utilization and economic analysis – a pilot study in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA)

Abstract

Objective:

The objective is to measure the burden of blood transfusion of Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) on the institutional outpatient transfusion center.

Methods:

This is a retrospective chart review (starting July 1, 2010, working backwards until 120 evaluable patients are accrued) at a single institutional transfusion center in the US. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for patient’s age, pre-transfusion Hgb level, and other transfusion-related activities.

Results:

One hundred and twenty records were reviewed. The majority included patients who were female (71%), African American (61%), and had either Medicare (48%) or private insurance (39%). The mean patient age was 59 years and the average pre-transfusion Hgb was 7.9?g/dL. The average patient visit to facility ranged from 213?min for one PRBC unit to 411 minutes for three PRBC units. The mean staff time for patient evaluation was 66 minutes. Actual time for transfusion was ～100?min for each PRBC unit; 90% of patients received two PRBC units. Staff was engaged in direct patient care for an average of 322?min for two PRBC units. The labor cost of transfusion (in 2011 $US) ranged from $46.13–$49.33 per PRBC unit. The estimated fully loaded bundled cost was $596.49 for transfusion of one unit of PRBC. Limitations of the study include: the site included in this study may not be applicable to all sites in practice and the evaluated patient population was varied, with the exception that all patients were treated for some type of malignancy; and the review of blood bank records for 120 patients was not 120 independent events and, as such, may not have adequately captured actual variability.

Conclusions:

This analysis quantifies expense in terms of time for administration of the transfusion, as well as costs associated with outpatient blood transfusions.     

审计报告改革对权益资本成本的影响研究

传统审计报告的模式化披露无法满足投资者价值信息获取需求,“审计期望差距”问题日益严重。基于2016年12月颁布的新审计报告准则,选取A+H股上市公司为研究对象,考察审计报告改革对上市公司权益资本成本的影响。结果表明,审计报告改革会显著降低权益资本成本。进一步发现,关键审计事项披露数目越多,权益资本成本越低;审计报告改革降低权益资本成本的效应在信息不对称程度高、内部控制水平低、媒体环境差以及代理冲突高的公司中更为明显。这不仅为审计报告改革的经济后果提供了证据,而且对于提高投资者决策效率以及维护资本市场秩序也具有一定的现实意义。     

股权结构对股权代理成本的影响——来自中国上市公司的实证检验

股权代理成本可细分为两种:一是股东与经营者之间的利益矛盾而引起第一类股权代理成本;二是控股股东与中小股东之间的利益冲突而引起的第二类股权代理成本。在理论分析和研究假设基础之上,本文建立了两个回归模型来分别检验我国上市公司的股权结构对两类股权代理成本的影响,并提出通过调整和完善上市公司的股权结构来降低其股权代理成本的建议。     

Organizational versus Market Knowledge: From Concrete Embodiment to Abstract Representation

Synopsis In contrast to the neoclassical economic presumption in favor of markets, we argue that organizations, not markets should be taken as our default assumption. We do so on information processing grounds. We distinguish between Zen and market Knowledge. The first is embodied and hard to articulate and the second abstract-symbolic. In human evolution, the first type of knowledge came first, and, on any pragmatic definition of knowledge, it still incorporates most of what we mean by the term. We take codification and abstraction as the two data processing activities that lead to the articulation of knowledge into an abstract-symbolic form. We develop a conceptual framework, the Information-Space (I-Space) to show how far the articulation of knowledge leads to its being shared. Whereas an unlimited sharing of information and knowledge leads to market-oriented outcomes, a more limited sharing leads to organizational outcomes. A market-oriented economics has tended to look to physics for its models; the field of organization theory has tended to look to biology. A more organization-oriented economics would thus look more to biology for its models.     

证券分析师关注与上市公司成本黏性*

本文以2002-2014年沪、深A股上市公司为样本,研究了证券分析师关注对成本黏性的影响。研究发现,越多分析师关注的公司,其成本黏性显著越低,并且这种关系受公司内部股权结构和外部市场化水平的影响;在国有企业、第一大股东持股比例较低及市场化水平较低的上市公司中,分析师关注对成本黏性的影响更显著。进一步的研究发现,明星分析师及团队分析师的关注能更好地抑制成本黏性。本文不仅有助于全面认识分析师发挥监督作用的机制和情境,而且有助于深化成本黏性影响因素的研究,对于降低企业的成本黏性以提高资源配置效率具有启示意义。     

基于边际成本分析的企业资源节约决策研究

边际成本分析能对具有技术可行性的企业资源节约措施作出经济合理性分析,即沿着资源节约效益等于边际成本情况下的速率节约资源,能够在一定程度上有效解决资源环境对企业发展的约束。依据边际成本均衡原理,企业在寻求最优资源节约措施组合方案降低资源消耗时,实际上就是在多种措施组合决策范围内寻求一条恰当的边际成本均衡线,此问题可通过建立目标规划模型解决。经实例计算验证,本文所提的决策方法是切实可行的。