Higher energy cost and the demand for restaurant services — a time-series analysis

Energy cost impact on demand for the restaurant services is examined using a broad base multi-variable regression model with special attention given to the lag structure and timing of the effects. The results reveal no negative impact of higher energy costs on demand. On the contrary, a slight positive delayed impact is evident over the short-run suggesting that, on margin, eating out may have been used as a compensatory recreational activity as a temporary substitute to other, more energy intensive, recreational activities.     

中国移动套餐业务频繁创新的机理研究

信息产品具有高固定生产成本和低再生产可变成本的经济特征,这决定了其创新行为的特殊性和频繁性。本文试图通过一个信息产品的创新决策模型,解释中国移动频繁地推出各种套餐业务的产品创新机理。分析发现,移动通信市场客户需求增长的高速性和移动通信业务本身的低边际成本是刺激移动运营商频繁推出业务套餐的主要动因。     

浅谈如何降低企业货币资金管理成本

降低企业的货币资金管理成本一直是企业所关注的重要问题，影响企业货币资金管理成本的因素有很多，其中内部控制管理不到位尤为严重。因此。分析企业降低资金管理费用的各种途径和可能性，提出改进管理的方法和措施，为企业加强管理提供现实指导显得尤为必要。     

企业总部的都市化与都市经济的总部经济化

都市经济的总部经济化正在成为我国许多大城市经济发展的一种重要趋势.这是一个主要由企业总部的都市化所驱动的过程,也是企业在企业总部都市化的收益超过企业总部都市化成本的条件下理性选择的结果.因此,处在这一阶段的城市地方政府主要应在规范和放松对总部企业的规制以及提高行政服务效率上下功夫.     

Determinants of the components of bid-ask spreads on stocks

In this paper we show that George et al. (GKN, 1991) estimators of the adverse selection and order processing cost components of the bid-ask spread are biased due to intertemporal variations in the bid-ask spread. We use alternative estimators that correct this bias and that are applicable to individual securities, and estimate these cost components empirically using data on NYSE/AMEX stocks. As expected, our results indicate that on average adverse selection costs account for approximately 50% of the bid-ask spread, sharply higher than the estimates of 8-10% obtained by GKN for NASDAQ stocks and 21% that we obtain for NYSE/AMEX stocks using GKN's estimators. We then conduct cross-sectional regressions designed primarily to determine whether adverse selection costs vary across specialists after controlling for firm size and other factors. Consistent with previously established hypotheses, we find that adverse-selection costs vary across specialists, and that this variation is related to the number of securities that the specialist handles.     

Cost/margin analysis: a third approach to menu pricing and design

The article presents a menu analysis methodology that is compared to menu engineering and the Miller matrix. Cost/margin analysis uses item food cost percentage and weighted dollar contribution margin to develop a sales mix that will both minimize the overall food cost percentage and optimize sales revenue and gross profit return. Previous methods of menu analysis have treated food cost percentage and dollar contribution margin in a mutually exclusive manner. This has resulted in biased interpretation of the data. Cost/margin analysis displays the food cost and contribution margin graphically and clearly identifies the menu items that are helping or hindering the revenue-cost-profit objectives. This information allows the menu to be designed to improve forecasting and cost control techniques.     

α-Optimal sampling plans for large acceptance numbers

Acceptance sampling by attributes is an important tool of industrial quality control. In this paper the sampling plan is selected according to a given cost situation using the assumption that one knows the probability that the number of defective items in a lot does not exceed break even quality. An approximate solution is derived for the case that either the sampling cost is small or the lot sizeN large, which both imply a large acceptance numberc.     

环境会计内在化有关问题探讨

随着经济全球化的发展以及为解决全球日益严重的环境问题,国际标准化组织颁布了ISO14000系列环境管理体系标准,国际贸易也出现了"绿色贸易壁垒"的端倪,在此情形下,企业的效益不仅是以未来经济利益的流入为唯一标准,而是达到环保效果与经济效益并重.本文以此为背景从环境成本的内涵入手,分析了环境成本的相关问题,并提出了应采取的对策.     

Methods for Environmental and Economic Accounting for the Exploitation of Wild Fish Stocks and their Applications to the Case of Icelandic Fisheries

The paper discusses methods for estimating the value of commercially exploited fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. Methods which are recommended in the System of National Accounting (SNA) satellite system and the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) and relevant for this task are discussed. The paper questions the relevance of some of these methods. It argues for the integration of economic accounting for wild fish stocks with estimation of efficient management of them. Using biological and economic data makes it possible to produce consistent estimates of the value of fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. These estimates are useful for national accounting and for guiding management of fisheries. This method allows estimation of the cost of inefficiency of fisheries management besides estimation of the cost of depletion. The different methods are illustrated using data on commercial fisheries in Iceland and the fish stocks that they exploit. It is shown that even if all methods are based on market valuation and use only objective data they lead to very different outcomes.     

“负成本”低碳转型及其政策链构建

面对气候变化带来的所有问题,低碳经济是最有效的发展模式。在低碳经济转型过程中,对于企业或者某个行业来说,转型成本是其最为关心的问题。因此,基于麦肯锡成本曲线中负减排成本概念,从成本定义、执行中的障碍及贴现率三个方面分析负减排成本的不足之处;在此基础上,提出低碳经济转型"负成本",并从低碳转型成本的增加和减少两方面建立计算模型。最后,以低碳经济转型负成本作为核心要素,构建实现"负成本"低碳经济转型的政策链。