环境公平感知、社会信任与农户低碳生产行为*——以农膜、秸秆处理为例

［目的］研究旨在探讨环境公平感知和社会信任与农户低碳生产行为之间的关系,为促进农户生产行为向低碳化方向转变提供对策建议。［方法］基于陕西和甘肃两省的村域调查数据,以农膜和秸秆处理为例,运用二元logistic模型探讨环境公平感知和社会信任对农户低碳生产行为的影响,并结合分层回归分析了社会信任在环境公平感知和农户低碳生产行为间的调节效应。［结果］（1）在环境公平感知维度中,人际公平感知正向影响农户的农膜和秸秆处理行为; （2）对社会信任来讲,人际信任对农户农膜和秸秆处理行为均有显著的促进作用,而制度信任仅对农户秸秆处理行为具有正向影响; （3）人际信任在种际公平感知和农户农膜处理行为之间具有显著的正向调节效应,而制度信任在两者之间具有显著的负向调节效应; 同样,人际信任在人际公平感知和农户秸秆处理行为之间具有正向调节效应,而制度信任弱化了人际公平感知对农户秸秆处理行为的影响。［结论］环境公平感知和社会信任是影响农户低碳生产行为的关键因素,且社会信任在种际公平感知和农户农膜处理行为之间以及在人际公平感知和农户秸秆处理行为之间具有显著的调节作用。     

On the Opportunity Cost of Crop Diversification

Distance functions are increasingly being augmented, with environmental goods treated as conventional outputs. A common approach to evaluate the opportunity cost of providing an environmental good is the exploitation of the distance function's dual relationship to the value function. This implies that the opportunity cost is assumed to be non‐negative. This approach also requires a convex technology set. Focusing on crop diversification for a balanced sample of 44 cereal farms in the East of England for the years 2007–2013, this paper develops a novel opportunity cost measure that does not depend on these strong assumptions. We find that the opportunity cost of crop diversification is negative for most farms.     

土地规模与农户秸秆还田技术采纳——基于冀鲁皖鄂4省的微观调查

研究目的:探讨不同规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术的行为差异和影响因素。研究方法:采用Logistic模型对冀、鲁、皖、鄂4省1372份农户调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果:(1)农户的秸秆还田技术采纳行为存在规模经济效应;(2)地块数和区位条件是限制小规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术的客观因素,在土地规模短期不能扩大的情况下,秸秆还田技术不具备普适性是该项技术推广受阻的重要原因;(3)配备秸秆还田服务人员机构,有针对性地对小规模男性农户进行培训和指导,提高农户的经济收入和经济感知,能显著促进小规模农户采纳秸秆还田技术。研究结论:应从改善机械作业条件,促进土地适度规模经营;改进秸秆还田技术,降低技术采纳成本;培育秸秆还田社会化服务组织,提高农户认知等方面着手,有效推广秸秆还田的耕作技术手段。     

主动选择还是被动适应——农户秸秆还田驱动力探究

[目的]秸秆还田好处良多,但秸秆焚烧却屡禁不止。文章主要研究农户秸秆还田行为的长效性问题,考察农户的秸秆还田行为是主动适应还是被动选择。[方法]该文利用山东、湖北调研数据,采用二元Logistic模型实证分析了农户秸秆还田的影响因素以及这一行为的长效性。[结果](1)目前农户的秸秆还田行为还处于被动适应状态,农户对政府高压更为敏感;(2)提高农户对秸秆还田好处的认知将极大促进农户采纳秸秆还田技术;(3)政府高压和秸秆还田认知能显著提高男性农户的秸秆还田技术采纳行为;(4)提高女性农户对秸秆还田优点的认知能显著提高其对秸秆还田技术的采纳行为。[结论]政府在推动秸秆资源化利用的过程中,应"疏堵结合",通过强化技术支撑,实现秸秆还田技术配套措施的纵向一体化和秸秆还田方式的横向整合。通过加大宣传力度和注重群体导向等方式,实现农户认知水平和政策精度的提高,更好实现秸秆还田。     

剖线强度梯度变化的作物软硬变化区精确划分

[目的]软硬变化区的划分是进行遥感变化检测技术识别农作物的基础。为解决人工判读方法中存在人为主观因素影响以及自动判别和交互式判别方法对不同研究区的适用性问题,该文提出基于剖线梯度变化(Profile based Gradient Change Magnitude,PGCM)进行软硬变化区划分的方法。[方法]该研究选择破碎农业景观种植区域为研究区,计算拔节期Quick Bird影像和播种期模拟影像两个时相的变化强度,从作物地块内部向外绘制剖线,利用剖线强度的梯度变化确定硬变化区(Hard change region,HCR)、软变化区(Soft change region,SCR)和未变化区(Non change region,NCR)3者间的划分阈值。[结果]从识别结果来看,PGCM能够有效在地块边界处探测到软变化像元,进而确定HCR、SCR。像元分辨率在5~60 m不同尺度下,识别HCR区混入比例为11%~16%,混入比例随着分辨率下降而降低;NCR区混入比例为3%~4%,受分辨率尺度影响不大;SCR区识别比例为74%~86%,识别精度较高,识别结果与冬小麦空间分布结果保持一致。[结论]PGCM方法能够自动、便捷地确定阈值,摆脱人工判定的主观性,有效地划分出HCR、SCR和NCR 3个区域,为进一步HCR、SCR区内的作物识别提供基础。     

System of crop intensification for more productive,resource-conserving,climate-resilient,and sustainable agriculture: experience with diverse crops in varying agroecologies

With continually increasing demand for food accompanied by the constraints of climate change and the availability and quality of soil and water, the world’s farmers are challenged to produce more food per hectare with less water, and with fewer agrochemical inputs if possible. The ideas and methods of the system of rice intensification which is improving irrigated rice production are now being extended/adapted to many other crops: wheat, maize, finger millet, sugarcane, tef, mustard, legumes, vegetables, and even spices. Promoting better root growth and enhancing the soil’s fertility with organic materials are being found effective means for raising the yields of many crop plants with less water, less fertilizer, reduced seeds, fewer agrochemicals, and greater climate resilience. In this article, we review what is becoming known about various farmer-centred innovations for agroecological crop management that can contribute to agricultural sustainability. These changes represent the emerging system of crop intensification, which is being increasingly applied in Asian, African, and Latin American countries. More research will be needed to verify the efficacy and impact of these innovations and to clarify their conditions and limits. But as no negative effects for human or environmental health have been identified, making these agronomic options more widely known should prompt more investigation and, to the extent justified by results, utilization of these methodologies.     

The impact of climate change on labour demand in the plantation sector: the case of tea production in Sri Lanka

Limited opportunities for crop switching and lengthy preharvesting periods make the plantation sector particularly vulnerable to climate change. Surprisingly, however, the economic consequences of climate change on plantation crops are seldom analysed. Drawing on a unique primary panel data set from a representative cross section of 35 tea estates in Sri Lanka over the period 2002–2014, this study implements a structural model of estate profit maximisation to estimate the elasticity of labour demand with respect to different components of weather. Results indicate a negative relationship between labour demand and rainfall in the south‐west monsoon, the north‐east monsoon and the second inter‐monsoon. A positive relationship is found between labour demand and rainfall in the first inter‐monsoon. Overall, predicted changes in rainfall by 2050 are anticipated to reduce labour demand by approximately 1,175,000 person‐days per year across Sri Lanka's tea plantation sector. This is likely to have considerable social and welfare implications, particularly for the Indian Tamil women who comprise the majority of the sector's workforce.     

秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖模式概况及效益评价

[目的]基于秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖模式发展概况与特点,开展模式案例综合效益评价,为北方地区秸秆处理难题和冬季农户清洁取暖提供新思路。[方法]文章采用文献归纳法、政策梳理法、案例分析法等研究方法对秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖模式发展现状进行综述、总结模式特点,进行供暖模式综合效益评价。[结果]（1）秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖技术在丹麦、比利时等国发展成熟,运用广泛,在我国则处于起步阶段,有待进一步运用和推广;（2）该模式具有可当季消纳大量秸秆,工艺简单、易推广,零碳排放、清洁环保等优点;（3）通过对河北省衡水市景县柯良农场秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖项目进行综合评价可知,经济效益上供暖站有利可图、用户采暖费用更低;生态效益上节能减排效果好、村庄环境质量得到改善、促进当地农业绿色发展;社会效益上该模式具有良好的示范作用,一定程度上解决了当地部分就业问题,也促进了农场自身发展。[结论]秸秆打捆直燃集中供暖模式作为我国新提出的一项生物质能清洁供暖技术模式,其经济效益、环保效益以及社会效益显著,国家可将其纳入北方地区分布式供暖的主推项目技术,优化和创新供暖模式,加大宣传推广力度。     

玉米秸秆能源化利用途径与方法

通过气化、液化、固化和炭化技术,将玉米秸秆转化为优质能源品种,替代煤炭、石油、天然气等燃料缓解地球能源危机。主要介绍了玉米秸秆气化、液化、固化和炭化的主要方法与利用途径,分析了玉米秸秆利用技术的国内外研究现状与发展前景。     

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): a challenge for science,and an opportunity for farmer empowerment towards sustainable agriculture

Increasing demand for cereals produced from limited natural resources stimulated the Green Revolution in grain crops like wheat and rice. But the gap between potential and actual production continues. Concerns about sustainability, and the social and technical shortcomings of the Green Revolution, have triggered a number of alternative crop production strategies. One, in particular, the so-called System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is attracting attention by governments, civil society organizations and farmers in Asia and elsewhere.