Valuation Relevance of Allowance for Funds Used During Construction and Operating Income: The Effects of Regulatory Climates and Deregulation

This study considers the valuation relevance allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), operating income (OI), and their innovations across regulatory climates and regulatory reforms. Valuation relevance is assessed by examining the coefficients and R ²s from the regressions of returns on AFUDC, OI, and their innovations. Regulatory climate is predicted to affect valuation relevance of earnings components on the premise that different regulatory regimes enact and enforce policies that differently affect (1) the uncertainty of future earnings, (2) the recovery of deferred assets, and (3) the sustainability of earnings innovations. In an extended analysis, indicators of rate-base valuation method and leverage are added as control variables to isolate their mediating effects on returns for electric utilities. Additional analysis considers the effects of the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 on the valuation of earnings components. The results reveal that AFUDC and OI are valued differently relative to each other and across regulatory climates. The results also show a significant decline in the explanatory power of earnings components after the passage of the EPAct in 1992. Rate-base valuation method has no discernible effects on returns for the utilities. On the other hand, the effect of leverage on returns for the utilities is reliably negative.     

British Bus Deregulation: Competition and Demand Coordination

Our framework formally explains some of the recent curious events surrounding deregulation of the British local bus industry. The winner-takes-all nature of this market induces competitive providers to engage in predatory or preemptive behavior in scheduling and pricing. Unlike previous works, we explicitly model consumers' responses to firms' schedule announcements. We show that the market is unstable if demand is uncoordinated, but stable otherwise. Our results highlight the important role played by demand-coordinating mechanisms in local bus markets and our results suggest that pure-strategy Nash equilibria exist in models à-la-Hotelling (1929) whenever demand is effectively coordinated.     

Housing Cooperatives in Sweden: The Effects of Financial Deregulation

The article focuses on transaction prices for recent movers in cooperative dwellings during the period 1980–1993. Prices increased by 80% in real terms up to 1990, then fell by 35% between 1990 and 1993. A hedonic analysis is used to analyze the impact of changmg macroeconomics and financial deregulation. The financial deregulation, which took place in 1985, seems to have caused increased loan-to-value ratios on the cooperative housing market. Using 1983 as a point of reference, a Tobit analysis reveals that the average LTV ratio in 1990 was 290% higher that year. After 1990 the LTV ratio fell by 45% due to credit constraints.     

上市公司违规行为对违约距离和预期违约率影响的实证研究——兼论KMV模型的修正

基于修正的KMV模型研究表明，上市公司违规行为使股价异常波动造成投资者损失，同时也会使公司资产的市场价值降低，资产价值的波动性增加，从而使得公司的违约距离减小，违约风险增大。公司违规行为给投资者造成的损失与违约距离变化的统计检验显示，两者之间具有较强的相关性，但并不是简单的正相关。     

The Financial Sector and Deregulation in Australia: Drivers of Reform or Reluctant Followers?

This paper argues that contrary to capture theory, a key feature of financial deregulation in Australia was the lack of support from financial sector interest groups. An examination of the Campbell Inquiry (1979-1981) reveals that deregulation was not initiated by either the regulated banks or unregulated non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs). In fact, both groups were resistant to change prior to the establishment of the Inquiry. During the Inquiry, neither group advocated wide-ranging deregulation, preferring the retention of many financial regulations.     

Can financial innovation help to explain the reduced volatility of economic activity?

The stabilization of economic activity in the mid 1980s has received considerable attention. Research has focused primarily on the role played by milder economic shocks, improved inventory management, and better monetary policy. This paper explores another potential explanation: financial innovation. Examples of such innovation include developments in lending practices and loan markets that have enhanced the ability of households and firms to borrow and changes in government policy such as the demise of Regulation Q. We employ a variety of simple empirical techniques to identify links between the observed moderation in economic activity and the influence of financial innovation on consumer spending, housing investment, and business fixed investment. Our results suggest that financial innovation should be added to the list of likely contributors to the mid-1980s stabilization.     

The Impact of Deregulation during 1990–1997 on Banking in Austria

The operating environment for banking in Austriachanged substantially during 1990–1997. The changes during the periodcan be seen as a gradualadjustment towards adherence to European banking standards, which becamea legal requirement on Austria's entry, in 1995, into the European Union. Inthis paper, we investigate the relative performance of Austrian banksduring this period and thereby test the hypothesis of increasedcompetition. The study reveals that Aktiengesellschaften hadconsistent productivity improvement over the period, Sparkassen,and Volksbanken exhibited a turnaround in productivity in 1997,and Raiffeisenbanken experienced consistent productivity decline.Overall, Austrian banks experienced a decline in average efficiencyand productivity until 1996 with slight improvements in 1997. Thestudy reveals evidence of product diversification rather thanincreased price competition; a decrease in the spread of prices paidfor inputs indicates increased competitiveness over the period, whichcan be attributed to deregulation brought about by EU-membership.     

关于中国（上海）自由贸易试验区外汇管理创新的思考

文章提出,上海自贸区外汇管理改革创新应坚持先交易后汇兑的开放次序,不断提高汇兑便利化程度;督促银行按照展业三原则履行真实性审核义务,理顺外汇管理政策传导机制;进一步简政放权,探索负面清单管理;坚守风险底线,建立健全外债和资本流动管理审慎管理框架。     

银行准入放开对创新影响的实证研究

基于中国地级市银行业微观数据、中国工业企业数据和专利数据,研究区域金融结构视角下银行准入放开对行业创新的影响.结果表明:银行准入放开促进了行业创新;区域金融结构中银行信贷间接融资比重越高,越能降低银行准入放开对行业创新的正向作用.进一步根据企业不同所有制类型,将行业创新区分为国有所有制行业创新和私营所有制行业创新,结果发现,区域金融结构对私营所有制行业创新受益于银行准入放开产生了抑制效应,对国有所有制行业创新受益于银行准入放开却形成了促进效应.这些经验事实说明,中国当前的银行准入放开政策对行业创新形成了有效的推动作用;不同的区域金融结构对这种推动作用产生了基于所有制类型的异质性.本文为中国进一步降低金融结构银行信贷占比、深化资本市场改革提供了有价值的经验证据.     

Asymmetric rivalry within and between strategic groups

Our study examines asymmetric rivalry within and between strategic groups defined according to the size of their members. We hypothesize that, owing to several forms of group‐level effects, including switching costs and efficiency, strategic groups comprising large firms expect to experience a large amount of retaliation from firms within their group and accommodation from the group comprising smaller firms. Small firms, on the other hand, expect to experience a small amount of retaliation from the group comprising large firms and no reaction from the other firms in their group. We estimate the effect of group‐level strategic interactions on firm performance. Our analysis reveals that the rivalry behavior within and between groups is asymmetric, which supports the dominant‐fringe relation between firms, as described in our hypothesis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.