我国社会保障制度收入再分配职能分析

增强社会保障制度的再分配功能,要更新理念,与时俱进,明确我国社会保障制度目标的公平优先性;要以公平为本,矫正社会保障支出的城市倾向问题;要扩大社会保障资金来源,有效突破社会保障收支瓶颈;要强化社会保障支出管理,确保社会保障支出流向低收入群体:要结合我国财政体制改革,制定相应的制度与政策,建立社会保障基金在横向区域间的调节机制,减少和杜绝社会保障在区域、行业乃至部门间的不合理差异,有计划地逐步提高社会保障统筹层次.     

基于终端策略的饮料企业分销渠道模式探讨

本文认为,在快速消费品流通领域,由于产品依靠消费者高频次和重复的使用与消耗、通过规模的市场销量来获得利润和价值实现的特性,决定了分销渠道成本在营销总成本中占有很高的比例.作为快速消费品的典型代表,饮料行业市场竞争激烈,而分销渠道的拓展是饮料企业保持竞争优势的主要途径之一.饮料企业的渠道特征与产品特点和消费者的购买特征密切相关,其基本特征是:快速消费品多采用中间商的分销模式;快速消费品渠道终端生动化陈列很重要;快速消费品一般是多种渠道并存;渠道调整变化迅速.产品在终端上的可得性对于分销渠道具有重要的战略意义,无论是可口可乐的"买得到"策略、娃哈哈的"联销体"模式,还是百事可乐的"忠诚合作伙伴"、康师傅的"通路精耕"模式,都表明饮料行业竞争制胜的本质是渠道,饮料企业只有牢牢抓住渠道和终端并在分销渠道中具有控制力和话语权,才能在激烈的市场竞争中获得有利地位.     

新时期农村流通体系的构建模式

目前,我国农村流通体系已初步呈现出“双向流通”、“循环流通”、“现代流通”和“一网多用”的特点,为此,新时期农村流通体系的构建应包括以“批发市场”和“农家店”为载体的城乡双向流通体系,以“大型农产品批发市场”为主、“农超对接”为辅的“农产品进城”体系,以农家店、集贸市场、超市为主的农村终端零售网络和以“回收拆解企业”、“二手市场”和“以旧换新”为主的农村再生资源回收体系。目前应采取的措施主要是推进“一网多用”、加快大型农产品批发市场建设、发展农村“二手市场”。     

基于GIS的社区体育服务设施布局优化研究

从社区体育服务设施布局的现状出发,提出将地理信息系统(GIS)技术引入到社区体育服务中,利用GIS的空间分析与辅助决策功能进行社区体育服务设施选址和布局优化,为社区体育设施选址方案提供新的视角,为其他公共服务设施的选址提供一个可供参考的途径和方法。并以湘潭市雨湖区为例,对该地区的社区体育服务设施布局进行了优化和分析,得到了比较合理的结果。     

中国政府间转移支付制度对改善收入分配效果探析

改革开放解放和发展了中国的生产力,使一部分人先富起来,但中国的贫富差距却被拉大了。作为一个社会主义国家,中央政府应该通过再分配的方式,让全体人民分享市场运作的成果,实现共同富裕这一目标。近年来出台的一系列社会政策显示,1998年后,中央政府既有政治意愿也有财政能力来调节收入再分配,然而,这些政策效果却不明显。本文以山西省1993-2005年县级财政数据为样本,通过分析中央政府转移支付结构和地方政府支出结构,得出中央政府通过对地方政府转移支付这一财政手段并不能有效缩小贫富差距这一结论。     

MONETARY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: SURVEYING THE SURVEYABLE

Abstract.  This paper surveys recent advances in empirical studies of the monetary transmission mechanism, with special attention to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Our results indicate that the strength of the exchange rate pass-through substantially declined over time mainly due to a fall in inflation rates and to some extent due to the so-called composition effect. The asset price channel is weak and is likely to remain weak because of shallow stock and private bond markets and because of low stock and bond holdings of domestic households. House prices may become an exception with booming mortgage lending and with high owner occupancy ratios. While the credit channel could be a powerful channel of monetary transmission – as new funds raised on capital markets are close to zero in CEE – it is actually not, as both commercial banks and non-financial corporations can escape domestic monetary conditions by borrowing from their foreign mother companies. The moderately good news, however, is that those banks and firms are influenced by monetary policy in the euro area because their parent institutions are themselves subjected to the credit channel in the euro area.     

BANK CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS AND THE BASEL ACCORDS: A SYNTHESIS

Abstract.  In order to survey the mechanisms through which the introduction of Basel II bank capital requirements is likely to accentuate the procyclical tendencies of banking, this paper brings together the theoretical literature on the bank capital channel of propagation of exogenous shocks and the literature on the regulatory framework of capital requirements under the Basel Accords. We conclude that the theoretical models that revisit the bank capital channel under the new accord generally support the Basel II procyclicality hypothesis and that the magnitude of the procyclical effects essentially depends on (i) the composition of banks' asset portfolios, (ii) the approach adopted by banks to compute their minimum capital requirements, (iii) the nature of the rating system used by banks, (iv) the view adopted concerning how credit risk evolves through time, (v) the capital buffers over the regulatory minimum held by the banking institutions, (vi) the improvements in credit risk management and (vii) the supervisor and market intervention under Basel II. The recent events and instability in financial markets all over the world have led the procyclicality issue to enter the agendas of several political international  fora  and some measures to mitigate procyclicality are being put forward. The bank capital channel literature should now play an important role in evaluating their effectiveness.     

The Monetary Transmission Mechanism: Evidence from Eight Economies in Transition

Abstract

We examine in this paper the importance of banks’ behavior in the transmission of the monetary policy to the real economy. Monthly data from eight economies in transition that recently became members of the European Union and the techniques of cointegration and Error Correction models are used, in order to investigate the relationship between intermediation margin spread (IMS, official lending rate minus deposit rate) and industrial production. Given the low development of corporate bond market and the dependence of non-financial agents on banking credits, we find that in many countries the IMS is an important leading indicator of industrial production. However, in countries characterized by credit access constraints (Estonia and Latvia) evidence for the traditional money channel is found. Evidence for both money and credit channels is found in Poland and Hungary. These results imply that a common monetary policy implemented by the European Central Bank may be transmitted in different ways across the new members of the enlarged European Union with different effects on real output in each country.     

International Trade as Determined by Income and Income Distribution

Abstract

In standard trade theory, consumption is normally assumed to be homothetic. Consequently, income and its distribution have no role in determining international trade patterns. This paper examines the assumption and its implications. The assumption of homothetic preferences is rejected at the 1% level. It further demonstrates that the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model modified by allowing for non-homothetic taste improves the performance of HOV prediction and explains some of the trade puzzles and paradoxes.     

Firm size and types of innovation

We propose a general theory of innovation that illustrates the relative benefits of performing process versus product R&D when firm size is endogenous. A firm's size, scope, and R&D portfolio are shown to reflect the same underlying characteristic of the firm, namely manufacturing efficiency. We demonstrate that efficient firms become larger, have greater scope, and perform more of both process and product R&D. In light of decreasing returns to R&D, this implies small firms obtain more product innovations per dollar of R&D than large firms, which is consistent with evidence we present that small firms are more innovative than large firms as they obtain more patent counts and citations per dollar of R&D.