Credit Unions: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview

In 2009 there were over 49,330 credit unions across 98 countries with more than 184 million members and approximately $1,354 billion in assets. There is a great diversity within the credit union movement across these countries. This reflects the various economic, historic and cultural contexts within which credit unions operate. This paper traces the evolution of the credit union movement. It examines credit union objectives, and considers issues relating to efficiency, technology adoption, product diversification, merger, failure and demutualization. The regulatory environment within which credit unions operate is also explored under the themes of interest rate regulation, common bond requirements, taxation, deposit insurance and capital regulation. The overview also considers demutualization and the costs and benefits to credit unions of altering their organizational form.     

金融危机的原因以及中央银行在避免下一个危机所起的作用

最近一次的金融危机揭示了在大量信息不对称,金融尝新复杂和监管框架不完整这样的金融世界里,自我调节显然不能起到作用.本文认为,已经至少有两个主要政策彩响着金融危机.一个是监督管理政策,另一个是货币政策.此外,本文还分析了中央银行能如何来帮助避免下一场财政危机.特别是,对于宏观审慎性政策的作用和限制进行了讨论.     

Contratos de riesgo de petróleo,patrones de conducta y desempeño de empresas: Análisis de panel de datos

Using data from financial and economic performance of International Oil Companies (IOCs) in the exploration-extraction (E&E) business, along with institutional and market orientation of governments and National Oil Companies (NOCs) that receive project offers, the international E&E market is analyzed in both institutional development and behavioral patterns of type of E&E contract following an agency theory approach. Additionally, given Mexico's recent energy reform being launched between 2015 and next 2019, the various types of E&E contracts are analyzed, comparing license contracts with production sharing and risk service ones. Next, using panel data methods an analysis of 17 enterprises between 2005 and 2015 is presented, where so-called global IOCs show higher returns and commitment than specialized ones, demonstrated by their net income and return on equity, or ROE.     

雷曼破产检查报告揭示的主要问题及借鉴意义

此次国际金融危机中,雷曼兄弟是唯一一家申请破产的大型投行。美国破产法院对其进行了深入检查,揭示出其破产既有自身原因,如采取高风险的商业模式,实施逆势而动的经营策略,以及风险管理松懈等,同时也暴露出监管制度、外部约束、会计准则等方面仍存在很大不足。我国金融机构在制定经营策略、监管部门在进行风险判断时,应有更长远的对经济周期规律的认识;监管部门应就上市公司信息披露制定更严格、更详尽、更全面的规则;在风险控制方面要坚持发挥市场的基础性作用,监管应积极查找市场漏洞、弥补市场不足。     

我国私募股权基金监管刍议

私募股权基金的监管模式主要有行业自律和政府监管两种,国内对此还存在很多争议。借鉴美国行业自律的监管模式,本文提出我国私募股权基金的监管模式应以内部监管为主,引入托管人机制加强内部治理,在此基础上构建我国私募股权基金的监管体系。     

Regulatory Arbitrage in Cross‐Border Banking Mergers within the EU

Expanding the cross‐country footprint of an organization's profit‐making activities changes the geographic pattern of its exposure to loss in ways that are hard for regulators and supervisors to observe. This paper tests and confirms the hypothesis that differences in the size and character of safety‐net benefits available to banks in individual EU countries help to account for cross‐border merger activity. Our results suggest that central bankers need to develop statistical procedures for assessing the consequences of differences in supervisory strength and weakness in partner countries. We believe that the methods used here can help in this task.     

Credit CARD Act of 2009: What did banks do?

The Credit CARD Act of 2009 was intended to prevent practices in the credit card industry that lawmakers viewed as deceptive and abusive. Among other changes, the Act restricted issuers’ account closure policies, eliminated certain fees, and made it more difficult for issuers to change terms on credit card plans. Critics of the Act argued that because of the long lag between approval and implementation of the law, issuing banks would be able to take preemptive actions that might disadvantage cardholders before the law could take effect. Using credit bureau data as well as individual data from a survey of U.S. consumers, we test whether banks closed consumers’ credit card accounts or otherwise restricted access to credit just before the enactment of the CARD Act. Because the period prior to the enactment of the CARD Act coincided with the financial crisis and recession, causality in this case is particularly difficult to establish. We find evidence that a higher fraction of credit card accounts were closed following the Federal Reserve Board’s adoption of its credit card rules, but not between May 2009, when the CARD Act was signed, and when most of its provisions became law in February 2010. However, we do find evidence that banks deteriorated terms of credit card plans at a higher rate during this period, especially lowered the credit limits. Among the survey respondents whose bank accounts were closed during that period, account holders were much more likely to close their own credit card accounts than to have them closed by their card issuers.     

环境规制下企业污染治理战略联盟模式研究

在环境规制下,提出了企业的污染治理战略联盟的理念,并在此基础上构建了企业污染治理战略联盟模式。对于污染治理的战略联盟来说,由于具有良好的约束性的和约,盟主企业与盟员企业之间以及盟员企业之间就能保证有关污染削减方面的信息共享,充分利用技术和资金的溢出效应,实现污染治理的规模效应。     

辱虐管理对员工心态的影响:代际差异的调节效应研究

研究辱虐管理对员工心态(情感承诺、情绪耗竭)的影响效果,探讨员工代际差异在其影响机制中的调节作用。共收集661份有效样本数据,采用层级回归和分组回归对文章提出的假设进行检验。结果表明,辱虐管理与情感承诺、情绪耗竭有显著的相关关系,且存在代际差异的调节效应,辱虐管理对新生代员工情绪耗竭的正效应更显著,对文革代员工情感承诺的负效应更显著。最后讨论了本研究的管理启示、研究不足以及研究展望。     

Bank capital regulation, asset risk, and subordinated uninsured debt

Whether more stringent capital requirements lead to reduced or to increased bank risk-taking has been discussed intensively in the academic literature. In this paper we drop the common but unrealistic assumptions that banks only issue deposits whose returns are guaranteed by a subsidised deposit insurance and that deposit insurance is free. We prove that with uninsured debt and a flat-rate deposit insurance premium the reaction of a bank to a higher capital requirement may change substantially. In some scenarios banks increase asset risk due to the enforcement of a more stringent capital requirement.