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61.
Guided by notions from the literature on organizational learning, this paper investigates how product line experimentation and organizational performance change across the careers of top managers. Its subjects are the studio heads who ran all the major Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965. The study found first, that product line experimentation declines over the course of executive tenures; second, that there is an inverse U‐shaped relationship between top executive tenure and an organization's financial performance; and third, that product line experimentation is more likely to benefit financial performance late in top executives' tenures. These findings are consistent with a three‐stage ‘executive life cycle’. During the early years of their tenures, top managers experiment intensively with their product lines to learn about their business; later on their accumulated knowledge allows them to reduce experimentation and increase performance; finally, in their last years, executives reduce experimentation still further, and performance declines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
62.
Gregory S. Amacher Erkki Koskela Markku Ollikainen 《Bulletin of economic research》2005,57(4):391-405
We use a vertical product differentiation model under partial market coverage to study the social welfare optimum and duopoly equilibrium when convex costs of quality provision are either fixed or variable in terms of production. We show the following new results. First, under fixed costs, the social planner charges a uniform price for the single variant that just covers costs of quality provision. Like the duopoly equilibrium, this socially optimal pricing entails a partially uncovered market, but a smaller share of the market is served compared with the duopoly equilibrium. Second, for the variable cost case, it is socially optimal to provide both high‐ and low‐quality variants, but market shares need not be equal. This differs from the result in fully covered markets. Third, in the duopoly equilibrium, the quality spread is too wide under variable costs relative to the social optimum. Under fixed costs, the duopoly produces two variants, but quality is too low relative to the social optimum, which has only one variant. 相似文献
63.
邱咏梅 《安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2004,21(2):96-97
在高等教育由精英教育向大众化教育的转变过程中 ,由于社会的转型 ,教育形态中高等教育的主体也随之发生了变化 ,即出现了后精英教育。后精英教育里的精英们具有批判性和主体性的显著特质 ,后精英教育主体的价值观是“现代化”价值取向与“后现代化”价值取向的综合。 相似文献
64.
Monika J.A. Schrder Morven G. McEachern 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2004,28(2):168-177
Ethical attitudes in relation to meat purchases were studied among urban and rural consumers in Scotland. All subjects perceived at least some ethical issues in relation to animal production systems, in particular, systems keeping animals in close confinement. Welfare‐friendly production systems were viewed as adding value to a food, but this value was not necessarily realizable to producers if purchases occurred only when foods were on special offer. Statements made by individuals were often contradictory, revealing ambivalence, unresolved value conflicts and a general lack of involvement in the nature of meat production. A number of barriers to the establishment of stable attitudes and behaviours in relation to the ethical treatment of food animals were also identified. A key finding of the study is that individuals can hold two views on animal welfare. On the one hand, they may think as citizens influencing societal standards, and on the other, as consumers at the point of purchase. As citizens, they support the notion of animals being entitled to a good life; as meat consumers, they avoid the cognitive connection with the live animal. This paper explores both the citizen–consumer relationship and purchase strategies used by consumers to resolve value conflicts. Lessons for public and commercial policy are highlighted in the context of the Curry Report (2002) which advocates more effective market segmentation where markets are finely attuned to their customers, with the development of a number of assurance schemes discussed in the article. 相似文献
65.
本文分析了电力商标的实质内涵,总结了电力商标的基本特征,在此基础上对商标的评估模型进行了创新构建,新建模型有两大特点:一是将商标收益分割为两部分计量;二是用强度系数进行了调整强化,为电力商标的评估提供一种新思路。 相似文献
66.
67.
互企业家生命周期是指企业家所面临的一个从起步到成长、从成长到成熟、从成熟到衰退的过程。本文从分析企业家生命周期的内涵出发,探讨了影响企业家生命周期的因素,企业家生命周期与企业家价值之间的关系,得出可以通过优化企业家生命周期来提升企业家价值;最后提出了一些优化企业家生命周期的具体途径。 相似文献
68.
工程项目的价值管理问题探讨——价值管理在设计-施工模式中的应用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文介绍了建筑工程项目中应用价值管理的方法,包括实施的组织、价值体系、工程价值链和研究方法,在设计-施工模式中具体的应用。首先介绍价值管理的理论,然后分析在设计-施工模式中价值管理应用的优势,以及在这种模式中如何应用价值管理。 相似文献
69.
70.
Probability theory in fuzzy sample spaces 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper tries to develop a neat and comprehensive probability theory for sample spaces where the events are fuzzy subsets of The investigations are focussed on the discussion how to equip those sample spaces with suitable -algebras and metrics. In the end we can point out a unified concept of random elements in the sample spaces under consideration which is linked with compatible metrics to express random errors. The result is supported by presenting a strong law of large numbers, a central limit theorem and a Glivenko-Cantelli theorem for these kinds of random elements, formulated simultaneously w.r.t. the selected metrics. As a by-product the line of reasoning, which is followed within the paper, enables us to generalize as well as to bring together already known results and concepts from literature.Acknowledgement. The author would like to thank the participants of the 23rd Linz Seminar on Fuzzy Set Theory for the intensive discussion of the paper. Especially he is indebted to Professors Diamond and Höhle whose remarks have helped to get deeper insights into the subject. Additionally, the author is grateful to one anonymous referee for careful reading and valuable proposals which have led to an improvement of the first draft.This paper was presented at the 23rd Linz Seminar on Fuzzy Set Theory, Linz, Austria, February 5–9, 2002. 相似文献