Gender Inequality in the Spanish Public Pension System

This contribution studies revenue sharing in the public pension system in Spain from a gender perspective, revealing that differences are evident in the percentage of men and women entitled to different types of pensions and in the average fiscal amount per pension for men and women. Using 2010 data, the study analyzes how labor market conditions are reflected in pension type and amount for women pensioners, yielding two important conclusions: the income of women pensioners decreases, relative to men, with age; and the degree of inequality of pensions among women is lower than that among men. These gender differences owe to the contributory character of the system, which reproduces the labor market inequalities of both genders – inequalities that ultimately derive from the social division of roles in which women remain responsible for unpaid care work. This conclusion is consistent with similar studies on other European countries and world regions.     

中国区域经济发展与空间结构的演变——基于改革开放30年时序变动的特征分析

文章从空间视角考察了改革开放30年来我国区域发展整体战略的演变路径和作用机制。分析认为,从不平衡向相对协调发展的区域发展战略转变取得了总体效率和空间平等相对较好的结合,区域改革开放也取得许多成功的经验,但由于东中西部地区联动发展的机制尚未形成,致使区域差距在不断扩大。因此,我国未来区域发展整体战略的目标应该是形成合理的空间结构,实现总体效率与空间结构的相对均衡,并通过空间集聚及加强区域经济联动等方式促进区域经济的协调发展,四轮驱动和主体功能区建设也将有助于我国经济在区域协调发展中保持持续稳定增长。     

论罗尔斯正义论对古典自由主义的超越

“自由”“平等”等词汇是古典自由主义的核心概念,从20世纪70年代以来,以罗尔斯的正义理论为代表的西方新自由主义从不同的角度对“平等”的概念进行重新阐释,使自由主义平等的理念更加丰富和完善。     

A context-specific perspective of equal employment opportunity in Islamic societies

The purpose of the paper is to offer a context-specific perspective of gender equality and its implications for equal employment opportunity in Islamic societies. The paper discusses various discourses on the Islamic perspective of gender and how they might impact female employment in the formal employment sector. The study highlights some major differences among Muslim countries with respect to gender ideology and the corresponding prospects for equal employment opportunity. Furthermore, the paper argues that any attempts to reform the socio-political institutions and labor policies in Islamic societies must be informed by their particular formal and informal institutional features.

解读阿马蒂亚·森的经济学中的哲学思想

1998年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者阿玛蒂亚·森采用经济学与哲学相结合的方法,把权利、平等、自由、公正等哲学概念用于分析福利、贫困、饥荒、剥夺、不平等以及发展等经济问题和社会问题,开拓了经济学分析的视野。森的分析对中国的发展具有显著的政策指导意义。     

Hero shots: involved fathers conquering new discursive territory in consumer culture

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore how visual expressions of culture offer new discursive territory within which consumer cultural ideals can be negotiated on a global scale. Through a critical visual analysis of the revelatory case Swedish Dads, we find hero shots depicting involved fathers where children’s needs and the hermetic confines of the home take center stage, as opposed to the traditional fatherhood ideals portrayed in western contemporary advertising, media, and popular culture. We demonstrate how the Swedish state’s gender ideology was encoded into a communicative event in the form of hero shots and subsequently dispersed by visual consumers as well as political and commercial stakeholders pushing this particular agenda and/or capitalizing on its tendencies. This in such a way that the event conquered new discursive territory fostering new types of consumer cultural negotiations on fatherhood ideals also in other cultural settings.     

Participatory budgeting,community engagement and impact on public services in Scotland

ABSTRACT

The institutional engagement and analysis needed to effectively integrate the requirements of equality legislation into participatory budgeting (PB) processes requires a transformational approach. Equality processes appear to exist in parallel with PB activity, rather than being operationalized as integral to the objectives and character of PB activity at local level. This paper proposes that PB and the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) in the Equality Act 2010 share a transformative intent and potential, but that this is undermined by siloed thinking on equalities and enduring discriminatory behaviour and practices. The paper concludes with propositions for aligning the conceptual links between equality and community empowerment and, thereby, participation in local financial decision-making in practice.     

Understanding issue salience,social inequality and the (non) appointment of UK public inquiries: a new research agenda

ABSTRACT

Why are public inquiries appointed and what factors are influential? Research shows that inquiry appointment is driven by issue salience, but how this occurs is unclear. The authors suggest that issue salience is driven by: (1) victim relatability, (2) visibility of failings and (3) perceived blameworthiness. This has three significant implications. First, highly salient issues may lead to the appointment of statutory-type inquiries, which might not be the most appropriate form to effectively address the causes of inequality. Second, if wrongdoing against minorities is not sufficiently relatable (as is often the case), there may be insufficient public salience to drive demands for an inquiry. Finally, inquiries may privilege the investigation of blameworthy behaviour and thereby overlook complex systemic flaws.     

单一税对社会公平与经济增长的影响综述

20世纪80年代以来,单一税逐渐成为世界税制改革的热点话题之一,并已在一些国家付诸实践。本文从单一税对社会公平和经济增长的影响入手,对国际上的相关研究成果做了较为全面的综述,并探讨了单一税对我国以"简税制、宽税基、低税率、严征管"为指导的新一轮税制改革的借鉴意义。     

Gender,Sibling Order,and Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education: Evidence from Japanese Twins*

Using information on 1045 pairs of Japanese monozygotic twins, we examined differences in education by considering both the years of schooling (quantity) and the reputation of the last attended school (quality). We found that a difference in learning performance at 15 years of age is one of the key factors determining the differences. We also found that a female eldest child in the family from the 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts averaged 0.54 years less schooling than did her ‘younger’ twin. However, for the same birth cohorts, a male eldest child in the family generally had access to higher‐quality education than his ‘younger’ twin. Nonetheless, as the Japanese economy matured in the 1970s and thereafter, educational differences between twins disappeared, regardless of gender and sibling order.