A contextual study of female-leader role stereotypes in the hotel sector

Guided by the role congruity theory (RCT), this paper examines the mismatch in female-leader role stereotypes and how this mismatch may lead to prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. It also tests how gender equality practices and leadership development programmes (LDPs) may mitigate prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Following a quantitative approach, this study uses a paired sample t-test and linear approach (i.e. multiple regression) to model the relationships and test the hypotheses formulated. Drawing on a survey of 392 employees working in 4- and 5-star hotels in Jordan, the study shows that employees stereotype successful leaders to be more masculine than feminine while they attribute both feminine and masculine stereotypes to women. There is, thus, an element of congruity in female-leader role stereotypes which reduces prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Moreover, the results indicate that gender equality practices and LDPs significantly enhance the emergence and effectiveness of women leaders. The importance of this study derives from extending the RCT through a contextual investigation in the hotel sector in Jordan. This was done by considering two additional constructs, i.e. gender equality practices and LDPs that mitigate prejudice against female leaders.     

探究我国民生问题之关键:教育的公平与效率问题

民生问题在近几年的两会上成为关注的焦点问题,改善民生已然成为我党的头等大事,民生中国日益明朗化。在政府和民众都关注的民生问题中,教育公平问题尤为明显。然而,随着社会的不断发展与进步,人们追求的不仅仅是公平,而是有效率的公平,由此,教育的公平与效率问题随着社会的进步而不断凸显。作为一名马克思主义者,有责任从马克思主义出发,正确看待教育公平与效率问题在民生问题中的重要地位并不断探寻当前我国教育公平与效率问题的解决之道。     

Fulfilling its promise? Strategic public procurement and the impact of equality considerations on employers’ behaviour in Scotland

ABSTRACT

Public administration is an important force influencing equality in today’s society. Like budgetary choices, public procurement has increasingly gained attention as a means to promote equality. Yet, there are important gaps in knowledge, especially regarding how equality requirements in public procurement affect company behaviour. This paper sheds first light on the impact strategic public procurement has on employers’ behaviour. Based on empirical research, this paper highlights that companies perceive a limited prevalence of equality stipulations in Scottish public procurement practices and raises doubts about the impact of public procurement practices to create a successful business case for equality.     

战略性招聘和甄选与机会平等、无歧视的兼容性分析

本文通过分析(SR&S),探讨SR&S是否与机会平等、无歧视等工作措施相兼容。首先从学术理论探讨SR&S的发展历程,以及与机会平等、无歧视工作措施的联系,其次探讨他们的一致性和矛盾性,最后根据Compton et al.(2009)的观点提出可行性建议。     

The politics of preserving gender inequality: de-institutionalisation and re-privatisation

ABSTRACT

A backlash against gender equality is a core component of the contemporary tilt away from liberal democracy in some contexts. The backlash has been enabled by two developments that can de-institutionalise women’s rights. First, the privatisation associated with neoliberalism, and the austerity imposed by financial crises, have hollowed-out public provision of social services. The loss or erosion of public social protection systems reinforces the demand for unpaid care work, imposing a partial re-privatisation of women in their mothering roles. Second, security and immigration crises have inflamed nationalist right-wing populist movements that make the de-institutionalisationof liberal equality protections – including attacks on women’s rights provisions – a core signifier of anti-establishment credentials. The result is a stagnation at the global level since 2016 in the rate at which the gender gap is closing. Today, the active construction of inequality by gender – and its contestation – are more explicit features of national and global politics than ever before.     

海南省资源禀赋与平等效率分析

资源禀赋是研究福利的起点。本文在介绍海南省资源基本情况的同时，从福利问题研究的核心即平等与效率两个方面，为地方政府提出加强与内地的技术交流，积极引进人才，保护生态和环境，强调少数民族的人权等符合经济理论基本要求的行为建议。     

The potty parity problem: Towards gender equality at restrooms in business facilities

In business facilities such as theaters, restaurants, stadiums, and etc., anecdotal evidences suggest that waiting lines for women's restrooms are longer than those for men's. Respectively, there have been growing concerns on ensuring restrooms in business facilities to be equally convenient for both women and men. This issue not only relates to gender equality, but also relates to business performance, since restroom experience directly affects performance efficiency (e.g., revenues, repeat sales, asset turnover, service times, and etc.). Nonetheless, current codes and legislations for designing restrooms in business facilities are not based on objective analyses but on the survey of experts that may be male biased. In this study, we develop a quantitative model using queueing theory and simulations to evaluate the waiting time for restrooms. Using our model, we compare the waiting times between women and men to examine if the current codes and legislations provide equal access. Our analysis reveals that the current standard specified by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) still fails to achieve equal access. The methods demonstrated in this study may serve as a basis for design of restrooms in business facilities and improve both gender equality and performance efficiency in business facilities.     

Author׳s gender affects rating of academic articles: Evidence from an incentivized,deception-free laboratory experiment

Even though women׳s position in academia has changed dramatically over the last few decades, there is still some evidence that when it comes to evaluation of scientific achievements, gender may play a significant role. Gender bias is particularly likely to take the form of statistical discrimination. In this study we sought to verify the hypothesis that researcher׳s gender affects evaluation of his or her work, especially in a field where women only represent a minority. Towards this end we asked a sample of subjects, mostly economics majors, to evaluate a paper written by mixed-gender couples, indicating that it was (co-)authored by a “female economist”, “male economist”, “young female economist” or “young male economist” or giving no information about the author at all. While age factor played no role, female authors appeared to be seen as less competent than males, in that subjects (being incentivized to give their best judgment) less often believed that their papers have been published. This effect did not interact strongly with the gender of the subject.     

我国教育资源的递减配置及其制度分析

教育资源分布不均等将是中国教育在新世纪面临的主要发展障碍,已有的研究表明我国教育资源配置的不均等表现为教育资源分布上存在较大的地域差距、省际差距、城乡差距,本文则从另一个视角分析了教育资源配置的不均衡现象,指出在一个省的内部教育资源的配置依省会城市-地级市-县级市递减,这种配置格局是受到我国按照权力等级配置资源制度、当前的教育财政制度、社会各个不同利益集团对于资源的争夺以及各市经济发展水平差异等因素的影响。     

对我国市民社会的理解

市民社会虽然源自西方,但随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的确立和民主政治的推进,其建构已成为当代中国重大的理论和现实议题。要更好地构建我国市民社会,首先要理解我国市民社会的内涵及建构过程中面临的种种困难。